UWI L ibr ari es I 1. Part 1. • "THE DAY OF THE BROOM " 6._J Part 2 . "GUANABOA 11 ---- THE DAY OF THE 1;3ROl1.1 The day had been incredible . So , as it turned out , was the night. A half million ciy y dwellers would forego sleep . Bars lh-d. and clubs , leglally closed all day , had opened at the ~ of the polls . In the high back country and in seaside towns, the■ ; other million and a half would mostly stay awake this election night. They would gather in kno t s and ·e,1,fAiAiuu. crowds , in living rooms, at corner lamp - posts , cross-road shops , choosing by inclination , or necessity, where to sweat , or chortle, as the night wore on and the polls reported . Tue s day , January 12 , 1955 , wa s the incredible day the day of the broom. A small c onflic tgiiPifjq around 1iN the c r ea-c .1.u11 of the brooms. O.T .Fairclough, the plump, tough• publisher fp bl . 0 . . th. k ;the idea for the broom svmbo 1 . . t. o u ic pini on, ins xx came oui; of" a Pari;y execu~iv';/mee 1ng at Drumblair,one night, the old Manley residence near Shortwood. Vivian Blake , h he one-time ¥arty vice president, more precisely recalls it originating with ~arty secretary Sydney leg-pull er had proposed zs a rotund indefatigable/~0kezzwa0z0zEe z sa~~eske0 Veit ch . Veitch , that Mr Manley be welcomed from a Un ited Kingdom conference by partisans bearing brooms and slogans of Sweep Them BOut, them being the incumbent ~ Out of mood at a seriou Part conclave, the bvc/cr"~ ) Labour Party go~*:pi;nent. / ~H!Z!0gl!Zti~a . ~ met with str~ine? grins . _ _ •v-0-< "4 />~ ~ ~ fjwf d , ~t.}L- ~ f:>,it-_ .. ·, ,n1 .1. ,.,,,,. .;,~~ , c-ll A- ~ { I"-- !-4 :fi:;l@..c=i!!_.tt < The Island's 700,000 people enga~ their skullduggery or grace ) -r-1.u. under a govermrnont chosen by six percent of their peers., irore closing JI, n century that had cnntod tho colony from an economy held up by slavery, to n society ,-mere skill nnd sucat_ could be converted into gain. ? Ho,., ,tere they faring 't.,t:= ~:v:ci ll,- Cw\. t,l .LU>,,~;,,,;/1 ;,,__ 1 f t/:::. , ,_.., ~ t today• s prices, food would seem cheaper - new potatoes fetching twopence n lbJ and butter from Hanover parish selling for bro-&-sixponce ._.-, a lb - until you remembered that n pound of butter was tho equivalent of .... t -...,., a ,,reek• s ,-mgos for rnnny. Labour rates were lo,.,. An estate labourer roust uproot 500 stumps, or weed six acres of grass, to buy a cut-rate Sunday suit off Nat 'fm:t / Co I s peg ( considerably more if ho ,.. required t..1ilor-UU1des). • I ... \ UWI L ibr ari es l I · . t ' , . .>(Y(A.,'~.,tf'1 1 -fl::t. u.n,,,..~ )iii:'"' f ecp/ll ~ .i..f/R-. _ I\ The government he hnd no hnnd in electing, had no mixiety to plense him. For exnrnple, the prim..,ry purpose of t ho 25-yoar-old Lands Department ,-ms not to s ettle the landles s but to eje ct the blnck pensnnts from Cro,,m property in the highlands.) the area f ound to be most "suited t o the labour of white men in the open llir. 11 But if the wolllthy still straddled the ridges, the bol de r llmong the poor were coming out and filling the roads. True tho Anglicans ,rere established; but tho old rural 11 sL.i.ve church" of the Moravians ,-ms moving to t mm. Increasingly) each yenr , a rising class of sro..'U.l artisans had been knocking for notice./ Dissent ,-ms no less in 1893, with cobblers l obbying for closing the door 'ID the flmt of India-rubber foot,,rear, carpenters assailing the McKinly Act which put a tariff on timber while letting in tax-free prefnbs, .:md tailors demonst rating for a (ANI-,, -,,,.,._ fu '> ti{ . cut A J!!nporttifl{readymnde,. ~ . their Wh..1.t was even more fnr-reaching, taking/ cue from the recent English enactmmt which l'I1:lde mnsters nnd servants equ..,l before the law, one newspaper ,-ms asking in a carefully small voice whether a way could be f ound to II give ,...orkers some rights. 11 1 Nevertheless it was a good yenr for purveyors. Henderson & Company's ~ " lj elegant loather carriages/\.,~ IMil coach axles and steel tyres ,tore sell- ing woll. At Loui s B. Winkler's music store at No 18 King Street, Mrs. Corinaldi wns successfully plugging her l at est schrn..,ltz, La Premiere Pens ee to a do,mtm,m flow of uptOlm lodie s accoutred in Fr ench sateens nnd shot suroh silks. A s t orunbont named Britannia docked with a full load of doter- mi ned American tourists ,mo rode in horse-drmm hackneys through the UWI L ibr ari es ! -(£_ corduroy road to Bog Walk Gorge ra1d lunched at the Rio Cobre Hotel_,to • " (JU.. -A.~ inaugurate that lucrative subtribo of the tourist tra.do, tho~ cruise tripporf . In spite of an uneasily grolfing frequency of b..mkruptcies nnd n certnin grnveynrd humour which snw the Theatre Roynl on North Parade open its sonson with tho fnrce "Rondy Money" - there wns plonty 1'>1 # .JL "? of money in circulntion Mexicnn nnd Sp..mish doubloons, U.S. double engles and British golden sovereigns. 18;f5 }f wn~ also a.n election year nnd the bend-rolling season 4lll , ~ / - openedlt Councillors on the St. Catherine parish board wore being "dissolved for persistent default in their duties. '' Voters, all six percent of them, were being urged by the five dnilios in circulation, to show on polling d3y; nnd to oust, ns ono editor l'II'Cnchingly put it, the "meddling, muddling, tinkering, tentative legi slature of tho lnst eight years. 11 Tho times were not p..1rticula.r for rcticenc:, l nor entrepreneurs for honesti/) so shopkeepers ;:::: slipped "hickory in coffee, sand in sugar and stones in currants" were 1 ci shilgly o:xposed in the Pross. , I &tJ. 3 vvt,.o ~f) A year of high fettle • for tho lively isL.mders of a.11 races, U,,dq.,,. ~ ''13,f --( / ·\.l.2}1 o,.., S e v-rf:. Pt, 'rfl. ti ~, /<1 />? J-/11>,.; /\ black, youths\.. ~ingle-sticking their Turnbull & Company 's "pimentos". ';;J l,V Q_,y-(_ wt.r~ u=Jep the Sottth P ... 1ude Di ~ Highbooted white boys'\ brawling with Mandeville tom consta blos in Mr. Pnlncho' s lunch room/• ~ ting Chinese .S.on-ia.--t":,,.fS -fv ,.,, b /.ul diccme!l fiJllzb~ · , , out of Barry Stroot (\oors and into the police ,~g~ns , , /,, ffu._ I'. H 1,(1,1, July ~ N.W.Mnnley was born. Roxburgh is four miles up a rocky slm1 .:tscent froJJL the qunint little rondside villnge near Wi llirunsfield called Roftll Flat. The road works up f i'M~ 9 ;r:6P.kkPI Clit;;.e~1 and stonewnlls found nil over the. parish., past some rolling pastureland/. The air is exceptionally clear ,dth long views to Newport. At Jones Depot, n narrow parish r~"ld lends off on tho right . (Ylti .. ltt7 ~bl>'\;> ""' to Roxburgh gate. The house is some 500 yards in f1mm the gate. ~ built farm house surrounded by pimento baTbecuos and that symbol of tho above .-. jk .1ver.:tge -'~ Mnnches ter fnrmer , ~ hugh ,~tor t.:tnks --~- A w A 1-1/#t/ .t li:tl1'r. 7] --s . ,,e;_ ~ , I} W A , /J.x. / r< for domestic nnd pnsturo UWI L ibr ari es / f ~B , ; ~~~ ' ) Thom.:1s Albert Samuel Mnnley 1-ms _born in Porus.~ n English mig:ront whose ~ n -'(rui chnrms ,~u le9s-c0lllnercial travelling -» $ J U ~Wl ,_ ~ Porus, Black River and KJ.ngston, ~ sens in nll three places Jl,o fl'M4 J'olt.J nnd a daughter in st. Elizabeth. )__i.A.S.Mnlney becrune a produce dealer . At his marriage to Mnrgnret Shearer bo bought th property • Rexburg and lived there. Margaret wns a daughter of Ale:xnnder Shoarc_::, the Irish potato fnrmer ,mo had fled tho famine to Jamaica and settled in Hanover ns a Lucon pon­ keeper. He sired 4 daughters nnd a son. His rem:l.rkable progeny wns to include most of the leaders in the new ontion's first decades: N.W.M..,nley and his son Michael, Ale:xnnder Bustamante, Hugh Sh0<.'lrer -- and N.W' s wife, Edna Manley • . By nil accounts, T.A.S.Mnnley was a very successful . ~ produce denler. He hnd nn office in Porus to which "8 comm/ctled each week day. An aggressive young businessro..,n,Junusually fnrsighted for his time, T.A0~-t1nnley 1-ros n pioneer in t tiq~citrus1even t!f/f entering t~ ~'~ /"'"> L """t'"'L ... - CJ # a one-m..tnr charter to move his fruit to the U.S.A. _bJ,~se:cta;iffp-; Sometimes he lost. Hot sun nnd calm sens sabotaged the unrefrigerated ~~~tt;:~~~~- M..,rg A small wom .. ,n of tremendous strength of c arac er, s e set about ,dth courage and nxe to mnke the Belmont log1~od groves rnise her family. Guanaboo Vale is one of the mos t beautiful districts in St. Catherine The M:lnley boys were registered nt the Guano.boa and rich in the country's early histor~ ~ - ynrt __ of the grent glade lying'\ Vale In~ {N ll /J-r ~l eroontar: in the west shed of the Rio Cobre. If not riotously fertile, it is fine for / pastures on the long easy slopes a1!nost nlw,1ys usefully grossed and for cocon; but even better for two high-spirited fello,,r.; with its limitless land for horserock riding and a near pond for swirnrning. --------------- UWI L ibr ari es .. A mrui of great personal chnrm, tho house nt RoJCburgh ,ros on occasions overnight host to Aroorican importers on a trade mission for fruit and spices. He had one drawbnck. The father of the m...,n ,mo wns to be Jrumicn( s foremost lnwyer hnd n fotnl love for litigntion. A lm-muit just befor e his death took its ruinous course nil the 1,ro,y to tho Privy Council in London before it finn~cially felled him. As a r esult, and aggravnted by a pimento blight ,mich had oli.minatod the income on Roxburgh the fiscnl affairs of the family wore in considerable discomfort ,men he died. Fort'lll'lately for them, Mnrgnret Mnnley wns an indomitable mother. Somet:iJoo before his death, ,men a pimento blight began ruining Roxborough he had ,dth his father-in-law Ale.xnndor Shenrer acquired n 2000 acre pr operty at Gunnabon Vale called Belmont. Grandpa Shearer had «fA-fod rind clo~ming pastures. 11,ro grew up to neither gifts nor pocketmoney, 11 N.W. Mnnley said in later yonrs. "We r.onde our wages. 11 Home from Jrun.:iicn College in the holidays rind s o:roo weekends, he ,-ras to UWI L ibr ari es 6 hone his skill with tho axe until ho could IMko his wages and betto1j than most of tho Belmont professionals on tho property's logwood stands. In his sixties before his massive knrt attack, he was still handling tho 3-foot splitting mre with skill. At Bolroont, it bought him the guns and saddles for the sport which ,ms his passion. -;, * At Jaronica College, ho led his to.'llll to win the Perkins Shield for shooting, the country's oldest interscholastic trophy. Margaret Manley died whon N.W. was 18 but tho spiritual energy which had welded this volatile and highly talented family into a unit at Guanaboo Vale, still hold. It also appeared that old Thomas Manley's nicely developed discernment for tho prccendontinl that had mdo him an inland produce buyer from Porus, into n lessoo of blue ,mtor ships, was not lost in his children. When Vora won n music scholarship t o England and ,dth No:ruinn going nft or tho Rhodes, i t seemed nppropriato a time for a wholesale migrotion to the Uni.ad Kingdom. By August, 1911, Muriel wns in King's Collogo and Roy a public school boy at Tholstead, Kent. Tho two years he lay over in Jauinicn was unseanona bly tidal • for tho youth to whom it had mostly broke good. It wns to an oxtontl typical of tho L.,tor am thnt a kind of extrmnnrginal instinct led him through tho three cla ssrooms of tho country's current educational s¥5tom, teaching in the three fields, priro,.."\ry (Titchfiold) , secondary ( Jmmicn Coll ege) and Agriculturnl (Hopo Farm School). Tho knowledge nnd insight in education and agriculture gathered through his facultie~ for body and detail, ,~1s to cultivate authority in those practices upon his ascent to political pm-ror. But that also \fflS tho year ho buffeted ,dth a fever that almost took hitrn. Tho Manley bout ,dth typhoid was phenomenal. His ,-1ell slung athletic lbs dropped to lbs. UWI L ibr ari es . • 7 Ho hnd nttendcd tho rncos nt Knut sford the dny before, in nppnrcnt good health nnd certninly gcod spirits for his flutters fell swiftly mid his 11But thnt ,~s chnrncteristic of him. He did everything .full ,..blooded, 11 s~dd his friend Leslie Clerk recently. "We loft Knutsford together, on the Hope trnm nfter the last rnce. Next morning, ho wo.s dying. 11 Ho wns too tough to die but it wn s close. Wenk nnd gnunt to a den th I s hood, he wns three \ieoks in the old "Hostel" hospit.11 in Enst Stroot. He hnd 11.1de plnns to trnvel( with Leslie Clerk) to the United Stntes then go on to Oxford, Englnnd, but those were aborted lfhilo he mended nt tho Hope foothills residence of his friends, the Josephs*. He finnlly sniled for England on the (ship *Q-\e of the Josephs, Sir Hector, wns to become Chief Justice of ---------- on _________ 1914. The illness hnd n crucial effect upon n sector of his cnreer. Exceeding nthleto ns he wns, he ,,10uld have undoubtedly dealt definitively with tho record books on the Isis. In trnck, field and team gnmes, his prodigious performnnces hnve mnde him the nll-time unsurpllssed nmong sbhoolboy nthletes. His 10 seconds for the 100 ynrds crented in his vintnge yenr of 1912 nt Jnmaicn College, rer!Ulinod unbroken for 41 yenrs. Thnt he never m...'lde n Blue in lis first year nt Oxford could be due solely to the post effects of his i llness. In his second yenr he hnd other more importnnt Ill.'.ltters to nttend to, h.iving enl isted in the Royal Jfield Artillery nnd committed to the Somme. UWI L ibr ari es • ' / r: J l ar, .... ~·..,. r., "' - 1,/ I w, IA~ Chap 2 was a The heat wave il'll'tl 5 i ~~ over of .itux rlxXlliXXKa.ki xA blanl ~d.. fl •• -f: J7 .... 6~1 1w p1/J1w. ~1' ()1 Jt ~!,;r.;; 1:z,.,_u,; !¥JV. • ~ tlk-1 /J M[;ii,l ~ . ! r - h,.fl.,_,, ~1l .A,µ., fP>...lk; .,, , ~ -.,..'"'' •" • . 'rt ,..rLL ~ ,0 - OF~ kEYT S o;· $.L.. B F.itA"t-.,{ 11 IJ.,'L ) .. UWI L ibr ari es ·• ' always Nichael , Al exander Dustamant e ,~ ]!ugh Shearer --- and K. W' s wife , By all accounnts , T .A . S . Manley was a . ....,.. f Ri il.llJ ~ Ednax ::anley. .g:i,::;:=i;iii~~r;'~&-~ -Pa- i - success- ~ /,µ /.pa t-1-. off1 fll. ;,.,_ I/YIK> ~ -Hv-d.. u-,,....._1 A " • SfHl1¼£ll,~&e . The family and Grand~ Shearer managed a l iving .far from inconsequen t i al. There were buggies and do~carts , riding horses and church pews , XH'-°1-DOGOfXJOO[~~XK10Ufil{~ govern esses :for t he chilrlren and later boarding schools. Indeed t here c ame t he t i me when t he b ills for ~targaret Manley' s ma t ern a l autbitions amo,mted t oo rapidly :for her income and like t,en erat ions of' Jamaica11s she took t he mi grants ' route to America accompanied by her sister Elizabet h , l eav inr; t he children wit h their * aunt , ~ rs Shri,npton , • widow or a He t hodist 1unister who lived in Rae Town , Yingston. Her .fa t her 14ad died by then and her plau was to move t he children to AaieFi~a.,. tl1e U . S. nut the J merican <..lream soor~ i'aded . For- eign ladieb in America , especially .from " c o l oured " countries , were eJ..p ­ ec t ed t o work in the scullery a u d ttargaret ?1anley was not wa l king t h a t Ameican way of' life . She and her s i s t er saile<..1 for home . After a short stay at Wol mers , the girls we r e boar ded at Ha1111to~ t)- Jc!tail ~ .Rt~..Jtr ~ while ;,orman attended Uolmers and stayeil witl1 tlte a,mt in tae Town , a..t l!Dl ~i ~-ffkJ.a i.lid<1le class suburb on the cit} ' s eastern fo1 ebhore. le s t ayed at ~~ '/olmers for a year and was pullec-1 oack closer home t o his "parish " high ,:> f~ school , neck.ford &. Smith ' b in ,;'pJYlish J'own , r i <;Jin:s horseuack. twe1,1ty mlles / /hi; .,. • ..,, " o, ~1-H . , "' rv,,,. ':I .,;iv,,,,w..r.J /YI~ 'r/ • c "' ' .t., ltll ,,J . each. clay to and i'roin school"- He finally entered h1s tltrid sec ondary scl1ool wl.1.en with Ids brother , Roy , they enrolled at Jamaica Colle6 e . There he was t o make marks in scholars h i p and athletic s , unrivalled in the total b) any of' hi::; countryr"len before or since . ' ' 100 ° -Y fi l A c -1(-,l:lP¼e± •r , urb.Ql ~ nle) tells t hr-- roo1 u u (C t on (c oin to ' iJ , Lanover to t a.lee-, he r smal.J. n0 !tew to I ln6 stOJ '- her } nt re t..urned w tli his .. • <" re ~use, to o , clut t l,.. t urned I lue . bee, ::; s i.i' only ovc to .·1ng s t on , story 0£ ~~e Atnt es~-a-@~~**-n I Qw-~ cw 1· with t ea bawli. l!c ::.hrimp- UWI L ibr ari es • i cl Delmont wa:. a property t o elauclen a bo ' s heart/. Two large ' )Ond :; proffered fishing aru.:.: swi11mine· throuelwut thf! J.one- SlLm1.1 ers J,i!\/1']:. ~ aw-4' or school vacation; bird~ floc~ed the ~reat glade w!..Fe axx ee er yirl.1~'7 SH-oo-r.c o~ e;uava groves p:Pe¥iei-le'4 p r.i.va te -sli1 111ti 11.; 1,reoexxea erl:' ualclpates , -fl.P-JJ., rt.i.'-11. pie-e ous , \ -h-y.w/.t__ ~ ~ 6' I , , bl~ 'P~ were the good years ror the new brown creole aris- to~racy , r motely controll d ~y the a scc11dant wh ites at a care­ fully eucourage~ lRvel of' arroLance to be the rulin~ divisiv es among t he non-whit e masses. They could have t urned rogue, as did , traditionally , the descendant encow1ters of mabter a n d fe111ale field- hand , living highLoot e"" ~ ~£1) -1.s-dluL '"r/1'-- r,;.•,J. /4.po('t,J '&,'~Ii h s _a eclared that.(onl y labour brou~ht rewards . .-fr,rrk.f,,,';._O.,_ Cjf .. ,uit /(,th~ditJo ,-11)~11. -tzv.,,!p 44L,., ~ verybody worked at Bel mont: t he girls at whatever 7· t( ? ~ :i. =was=a=e~sa=¢F=e~s~~~ns=s&:~~~s=aB =~e¼mo~:~ was goiue; for young latlies of' the t i mes , the boys at chopping wood and ~ 4' 1o ; .a.x::s4' 5 ,l##f wi:ec::!:i.i;~ c leaniug pastures . pcC i.... luf4i. l.(IM· "We ~ neit her ~ifts nor pocketmoney , " wages. " N . Tf . Manley 1' s aj d t .a-"fnie===mre===ffi!Pt1=c~~t)i-,,...+:J6ft'i- "We made our Home some .from Jama ica Colleee i n t he =tt:fflli;ieie:holirofessionals on the property ' s l ogwoocl stands. In his six t i e s b e fore his massiv e heart at t ack , he was s till handling t h e J - foot s lit~ing it axe with a =~al:!e skill . At Del mont, ~x bought him t he guns a nd saddle s for the spor t wh ich was his pas sion . ....,., I ... ,,,. )( I I -..,. t-' -a•, II fl(._ r- f ( I,; It.( r. • ... J ~,,, .. , UWI L ibr ari es ' " . . ' • , • 9 l ! but bb•~e~s¥=•~~eh hargare t •1fanley died when N . W. was / k':r./ '.fu/ e¼:d e :== #i;~~e~:;: the t.piritual Y-c Ea energy which had weld e d this volatil e and highly t alented -family into a unit at Guanaboa Vale, still held. ~ , -•t•h-e--e-i~-t; j,Mi O .a..:.i~a..~~ ~,a -sh4.T-:>-.:t-0-+'~-,l,a-n,,I- Tl-c'- -w& - ~ - " 'O':i-i."C>W • -,A~--:l-9-:l.;I:; 1'.-~,:1--fv:r- .b.;r-~..i.li!J.-.a~ ~.,{-J..-ea-v.;i •• 0-~~ ie.+1--t-e-Hte.~-e-- 1i$Ult~4J'.lo ..-tac e.-t -t·h-e h;g: ~QS'e }H~¼:d ~ ouii:. :f'iil ~ -Rd-.~ ~~-~efl~11'.~h~p-;~ ~ ~ ~~l!ri~~~l!lllliia~~-~ootei1~e!Bllil£ ±a~er,-~~~~aft-wett~-tip-~~-~£~rd-{~~~~~-eo1±~~~➔~ lt aL,o a ppeare tllat 011• ·,w.~~_.._.,._...,,.,,...~ea ~ ~ - dlallili'l5"=• il:tx r .o 1as . ianley ' s 1,.ice l y dlscer1:u;ie11t ") - t !illt,r,.1'.titl\i~ ~ ·~J'!.J:i~• ~.-1"'8 ~ \--or t h e 1,1recen, entia.l t ha t s ;(-. .... ~MJ!lliiie},l~ j~~ e~-~~- ~ *~R~R~s 1'roJ11 J ox ,s , i11 t o a 01 • $h t p s , i'{ was not l o::. t :::, ii. ltis cl.i l d r en . ·1 en Vera won a I msic s h ' olarsnip to En 0 .larn .. ,ol11 a.rt er t h e >.ho es , it seened ap )ropriatc au< witb or11a11/ Groke good . It was to an ex:t ent typical 'h).. ( a kinu of' e:xtaramarginal iustinct~ "' t' of the lat er --••• man that M••-~•9Jlfiii~ letl him t hrough th<"' ~ • ~e eftiRe-a:psa - s eHeeleFes~s classrooms of the I. ' t 11'- f\ t hree "'Rase -e:f-:t;l-i0-0a-w.ea.t¼eaaJ.-~ eee s- country ' s cur-N t.,.. .i.· .., / LI-~ (" teaching , h'i:e.J.t- seaeele <- j ,..h,dvj->,, rent educat i onal ,t,t:eeeeasesT system , He-~ 'l,ti:>R:t-a:t-J.t±s-e~~fdama:i,sa in i01 : iJ t h:e thre e -fiel ds , i O ~'v._,1,~f _f;~¼Yi&~ '"T t - -:~.liie 1>rimary ( Ti t chfi( l d) , ag secon dary ( Jamaica Col- , .J :.J/'/).;Y'_n;ii. vt--trJ.. • Theknowledge and insiglit '- ,;--J"(!Y' fwl ~ lege) and A6 ricultural ( T~ope Farm School ) . se~ee;l,,sT in education anti ,. ~~ facult t es body and de t ail , cultivate c;ricul t ure gathered through his f:ae,i,,l, ,i,,4;y :for ae~a,:i,l,M- aRa-eet:iy was to/ g;i,ve-a!ie prac t ices politlcal authority in tho se/1_i,elit; ;i:e&1: tUsei}it*3:R€H, upon h is asc ent to/power. nut tha t also wa s tht year he was buffeted with a f v , r t ha t a l mos t .v t'l.,1-J • him , Ast ;t.ey - EH,ep L-e"'-ci r13 q-k The Maul <>y bout with typhoi ct UWI L ibr ari es J ., y ' a thl •· t ic was l bs dro~pea w to anck~xtxx:,acxioad)ll0C90banei( le h a d a tt t•nded t he races a t Knu t sford w.i:ill.xh.t:sx :fxi:RM k.Etl.i:llx ~ilixk t he day br>.fore , i1, appar ent good llefll t h and cl r t a i nly f'or his flutters :fell swi f t l y a n u h i s ( " But that was charac t er­ good spirits v .. l'l/ t houg-h his. hors • s ran slowl y ,l'l,Bl!tt.-l,y- eFH.iH~-1-ie ist i c of h i m . He d i d everything- f ull se,H,eeiTu bloodeu , '' sai cJ hls w -¼H-a- a 6 ½Rrl-~ -v-~- N -wa .fri end Les l ie Clerk recently . '' We l ef' t Knutsford t o g e t her , on t he Hope tram aft er t he las t r a ce . ~.;ext morni ng , he wab <.lyin . " J'e was too tough t o die but it was c lose . W~ ak tu1cJ Baunt to a dea t h ' s head , he was t hree weeks i n the o l d ''1/.tJTt I 1, lwsp i tal ',u(/4 Bast S t ree t. re had made lans t o travel (with 1.,.Clerk),.,.JR the Uuitetl uut tltd ~ c&ld:'.:~ aborted S t a t es t1 en ~ on to 0xf'ord , Ln.;land x ~ e~·e ... i - ea e-&.Rcl- at r .,;.,. wil e Le mended .i: t he Ho e foothills residence o.f his .frien cJs , tlic Josevl,s* . Pe finally sail ed ror Engl and on tl1e ( ship ---,-,----- * LJuc 1 ,-, , .:,lr .. ec.to1 , was to become CJ i e .. u::.tice at«O --------- on ________ 1914 . R &1'ib t~cH,y crucial ~ sector 01' The illness/had a ti &'1,!J,i ... cf.feet uµon/h i s career . li !F-' Re in I~xceedin~ atJ.lcte as ho was ,iR dealt uel'in i t eve- a eaiet.eQt;N t. &1,t }-9 T he woult1 undo~~- c:;8l-if.'- t4 &,•Ht ly with .ffelL a d -tea111 e::; , ,:::,± :, :i.N.tlte record.sx a:s books on the I s i s . lr-r.;;ti a ct ..... ,~-~~ ... ; hls pro- - time_ un.s-uriJas~ed '-- ---am~lfr-'6C-110drl:~~~:.:.at±i.J -t'e s . Jli_s 10 secouds ro.r the 1.00 y arus created - COUl( That he never made a lue iH his .first year at Ox.ford s i y be clue solc>ly to the post ef'f'ects of' liis illness . In his secon .. • / : • / 191h , /.~:fi~e~ were '¼.J ~·owl :th/i. t y ea:r ~ the~~'" together a . • ~ ) • . ~ (I " ·~ c1.ln: Vera a11.d ! .. Lonuou I'lats, , "1oy at Thenstead ubllc .::.cl.,ool aud .OK(c,,t( ,. l'uri 1 in t ~ i:r , .. Nor111an in Jea.u::. Col lPt.,ey rot quite Guana,.,oa Vale but ~ ,i, neither at any C'I iJ~roarb into tl.eir ... n·ivacy . '/lat was e e ... 1 iure ::,liakinc- to tlie ~aFhe - s ➔FH-teoe± 11ai1• o" ('a.1 k-~1 ... i1u1e ' 1~u 0 l i ::,1.1 - ._Tan,aicaa inu ... (>f' inc ' youths wa::s tJLait they we r- , ln s1;i te o.f 4.rl:tt>e ... T u . ,br1;_11£.iLi.L anr' outlook , /Y1, .£l. C 1 0 S e . ~ .::.till alien co•!· · They ucca,,e if i.l.t.ytliint,: eve1,/s ~_..= ..,.F· 1 1...i.t th,,n t1 t:>y Lad bee1t in the Guanat.oa do, 1icilc. I1. telliuent, l.ii\..:,h ::, 1ir..1.te, ar • ... ,rou , tLe) .,ettle~ into/ ;is f'uJl n life a::. tlle cir1;nrustaHces &llo,,.eu.. f living An,. tl.is mna11t tl at for tte t~o,I was HOt witl<>'lt i t ::. iHcidents.1 Such as the entere< c1n day when, .footloose j11 Lean, 01 , t ,cy - t, - ...+i- a,tction rooc:i aud in an excess o C ._.uou ,&r,. CJ<'.'€".e. tinie tl1ef ~ .::r- uo1'de ... in th13ir dirPctio1 , poli t, l.> .Cpt1!. le.Y 1 not, e~ 1..,ack . Tl ey UWI L ibr ari es ... \ • \ Cul) Luke treats o:f a 11ost . ' in ta,-, t ei ':::, l ! "E , when he former.' a travelline com.._,any of' t:1?} Twelve a»»cx t.o Journey ir.to all :t.h- 1-: t l1(: c.. itii•s UWI L ibr ari es ., 12 1 a t urall y ewJ C' u 1 , 01vni11t.: tl1c instant stock, a l0ad of' chea.1.; • l cu1n ' , a,-:::, j t ed cloc;.,_i:, . ~e.tt "u111b l>ut !'llll.c t io1tin.; , they hired a ua.r row , .... i:teA -fe:r1 811(1 the erh1 or tl 1e sho1 t "Cnt;lisli , ay ,/t.hf½n c. uietly as )08siule tru11dled it to the Embankn,en t and < wnpec' th e whole lot i1, tlt e Tltnrric~. toaetlier .i.11 t,tP. o al l'iel• Artil l ery and were u1ark.ec' was h .. ille<.. in act ion, 4.:r..-l ~~-- , lu a way ~~ s0011 in Frattce . ....u , (.,,,,. DLf 1 i ::, char acteJ./ wl1e1t • - . e11emy i' j :r f> lie lJro,~e fro 11. sl1el te1· to .re::.<;11e c1 (i.l(._ • fa llen Tl1e sec1uence c o11 tai11ec.. ll"Oll)' iu the x act Mn.Jilt.hiU11 ::,Old ie1 . / .Lbe-w&a;.,1<-1y -l•uH!w-me iae-i:;,;:,e _...y '-6,;J~ ·IC wa ~ l~~•;.i~ -~ 1k t' at~X.~ll.S'X.Brl1nf.ll'?S • , ~ soldier on his back ,A/Ao r . 'I . aHley ' s ::;ol, • ieri1,0 pr oducel.'. a k 3Ut~ racial cruc i ule emerge d wlth no visiule scars . Ye t ont of wl.icji l1e tJ.e exverienc-e~ articularl y coulu I ave been traw11c:1 tic .Tl 0 ~n~lish enlj sted man , the Cockney tribe , wa5 x ~ tact nor ~e 1;' J T y e ~;;...;£-. . /. rL..tlile::,;, phrase smi t h or quick uext e ri ty , the '1 clarkie " f.3 µ.'T /,.r...:,..fl .J l' -: was a, ~·oclbend. At least at r ir::;t. ';'\':lt!!!!l=t=:~•y ' , r o c es s r'l'"t-. J ac r • ' 1o ~ -&-t{d. d. n-. (,t,-,tj 4 •• J.rt<.. rW !'w-lftz. a ~~:i::;:t:1;11• .,....,••i!!!!!!!!:~~=::::~~ ..p~ ,I. _T7Efiiiiti h ~ • ~ '"w-~ · 1i1enad led z: 3 l JR ]h;c4 #olie v e , l ll s 1,ort ::. I'iel<, a11d c lassr oom and \..-h,.,,.'d,1_ . a,W,t\~ . I ,,a,.e, was ,.__ in a way II eve11 the11 a ua tional lrero , " a::; 3ir ..;o},11 Carberry , /II ~ --.i retiree collea~te :f.,;p;qe±- Chie.f Jus tlce an,, an e arly ro:fe::;s ioHal ee~~"'cae asserts . The raw <:::_ ~4.:-iA. 1.;c.Al!h lliWi lft,k;,,;J-J,U r t ba.vc a:..::.a,11 ted :suJc'eH ex1,osure to tJ ,e/powcr of the7 eas8nt l\·.-~ ---•~"' his ,if --,-- ' t • f'IJ I (..,.J Tllefl. l o st no f'oil; uut tlti->n , t,raduall t i me iH necidine; who would u e t.ite -ft,.vG ~c~ d , certai11 1-iiil!lli~"" .. __ a to emeree. t a1p ear ed that tbe '' darkie " wa :s not only n1uch better educater; tlJ a u ny of the1,1 tM,d ~o-.,,,r. ''lNt cC (Ji i.n'ti< :~~ ~ ftl!txan.xllil:f:f:il'i:.1!]4. uut he could al::.o0 ~ .. hoot.} . , :Ul.aHx t.111B)C rl ~ 1,tu,17>\/U:.,rp./:la, a lrli ®.J4: out - run t lie best and ~ &..£l!!li!t..C ~ axe -wiq)d1..r. 1 ,ore vf.J JJ ~ ~ ·-t1,-i,,,.... t t -I /I r /1 J,. J .. • / ")ei\ 1'(' ' r .. )'\,/ /' • r (.\ Jn (Clh1,7- Yt/lr,d:f,,/$ ,.Jf~ 6~ j-f, ".9 -rJ..~r it/A.I /1.Q UWI L ibr ari es home SUPPL 1 . ·T TO PAGE __ lJ 1 ,. . J anley ' ::; four years of'. var , -ere to ' stronGlY af"i'ec t hi::; life , sometir.les both i n out look and insic} t. i~ man/eiven to· curi ous sel.f- e:ffacement and deep , quiet regard~ :for/~iverse p111111liill,e :few , he was i'or the .fin;t to con tit his li:fe humbl e , with the :folk-,.1eople timen p,-_.ir.,llill•••• CiJ with t he/:!.•••• / o:f a race tl,at was half' his , tLe Engli.sh worki neman. At Guanal>oa V0 le Roxburch , as at/kll.-M19't!'r his workina at the evening r eturn to the hours in the f"ielll were more than balanced/ ~ • / e11teel countr y a tac~'lillsc mainta ined .for her vitality and ::;kill /li:fe chil ren by t he/tt:=;:;l.3.=~A;=cc:n;::.=::5 c: of' the deter ine anley. e spoke little of his ::;ol­f'or h is comrade::; diering· out when he d i d , t he af'f'ection/was evi ent. Leader::; z are revolutionaries with a ,rinni ne; cause if'i il .c the " was l>y natui c , ;_, rebel and little '\ only in/degree 01· chauge . /.dM.f.i.1(iliiii1;~ a.f1 ecteu tl oueht of' me , " he has saic. , sharin ; ~ .... -._ .. .,.._ b~od the rondest l:!U8 t amaute . Lut o:f our prou dedt trait can be helc Yotmg eroded by wear. /G-wmer raise hackl e::. elineation anley w:;~~~=bis =~~~~•~t •~ 1'0W1d that/w1at people t houeht o.f him could/i:i:;e:c:t===•= where he thought there ,,.ati none . "Colour meant no t h ing to me ," he has sai of his years bef'ore the war . " I di< no t , could not allo·"' it to be on obtiCS::;ion ::;ince I was t otally without any iaea o'f: •/ white superiority. ' 'l'he only superiority I accepted wa s ( th~t) 11' ' excellence ' . I had an unquenchable belief in - -- UWI L ibr ari es ~ 1-.rf/1 r ~,) ·.. ,,_ c,. --h,,,-.a.L ;.,v , it!,._ " sr A . 1~ h~,tL ~---·q1; ~ ( trbs.c l, rd ~ hf41d.i> v fl.t.. o'4 ~ \ (l Tl\l~ , ~r::.~~ · £ tNsfv.tfi,&irz,@ 1111- f~ "'•{hen he IJecaiiicapoit i cal leader of hi::. couatry , t he · l ~ / s Jlew lid 1,ossiuili t cl> of ...-W:,.,-12 StW_Ac; lds wartime expe - to '-l,Nt:i o/Jo / upon/sen tiou- ricHces 1't. an anti-white attitUublic li1~e , _ t' lJ g he 5·ave 110 clues to wound :,; f or/ - :.f c f.ial~r. Or.1.e must believe h e d e.fcated t h at season , ,.,£1l& • L St g young as ears c was , witlt t l~e inte_;rity that was to be h i s peculirtr erac e in thr lt-.k b W ljgJ IJ dil§t it P && :fore the war W[l s t,1uch older , he laad be c ome the Com- pany ~uru , writing t he i r lett~rs , 3/)clress;i.ne their p ro1:>le~s , ~~upp l yin a , k:~ =±'e-li,~p:~~ J- r f O I 4 JL ,,_ t,.r-< _,;a cftsJt~s••ww l!!-fill'litl 7 1•;! f6ot-locker corLt act wiila a11 ec'11catcd worlu • j , 1110s t of' tl1em .'1., I so it.r knew only to exist. ~has never seewed the science of' d i sman tling , or the a.rt of' walking- He was a shy 111an •~ Ilia Ji away . / I.·~"""~H..,..ia;.i...,J••••"" • JD artial t o / his ways but also wi t h a pro.fow-1d resvec t i'or his j udgment=(a s was 1)artic~l, i!liiKl Ub;ta ::>o t ha t when he was of'.fered a conimission, it was ,J.rove1. iit uietly .![ F IJIJ 7 ib cre:fuseu . once tol <" a rP\C interviewer . .ht~li•• kl. t he war , throu 11 l i~ l a t er p oli s ,~ -t i cc1 l ~ Korman '1anley .fought t hroug h/.Mlr Ypres and t he S omme anu won t he t hen and resumed a t 11. 'fili t ary ' iedal,( ~--IH,i was demobilised / w::uP¥11ts ■and ta Oxrorct/ .for the a career that was ....tA!Mbc d i st iHguisbed uy a wards of /Ill c erti~· :f~i~c~a!;.t7e~~-:::-- • o . TJ1e da T,;i-our J.Jar Finals and the Lee Prizeman ( Es s ay ) Gray ' s Im~Mi!W&Si Ile was , t l.e las t where he was called to the bar on April 20 , 1 921 . Xl>{ol./admitted t o the o l t L e Jamaica har 011 tra rnI3:ii:aa t4!a e August JO , 1922 . (',, - '- ora l s , ,.c _;;;;::- i.~ l i illcc a11 imp ortan t eng a g e­ m.en t when he ruar­ .:-i e,, i.is y ounger cousin Edna . of C a l l in{:; t ,nt , Gor11wall . UWI L ibr ari es ., .. ( ~ie11 wi _t h tl ra1,1a tic p i ece re Jamai a or t r.at --.: y e ar ) ' ' 2J? ' On August 30t h , 1922, i11 Chambers be:fore Nr Justice H-· / · l- ~ 50 nC:: VD- ,.,rown , I'aye Hyan , the ..Lrish a ~ act ing Attorney General Hlade an application for the admission to yractice on behal.f of ;fr N . U .Hanley. Hr ·'yan properly pointed out that t he papers which had l>eeu i'iled with the Court showed tliat the said 11-r "'1anley han a a setl all the nce a essary examinatiorn,; at1d had been c..uly " caller to t he bar in t he 'ot her Count ry. " S ittin~ behinri the ~==.J't:l ~ e :i:G=~=¼:l:=c::,w~ plain wooden t abl e i n his steamy Chambers , " :,1r Ju& t ice r.orown !. wigtlif/ld' pusher' back an~wld t e cuffs sh~wing , ~----- Ti~ en recI upon his pr6Tess:m;xx w.i. t }. a skil l a .ri:'-d,---------~ f i_; a l mos t unbearab l e . He had been well s chooled in fM era.ft , he s tayed ilu ~ n g land "a.f t er hii:, bar finals . ·-- ---- - - ---- - ---- -- gravely l e aI'cd t hrough t he _µages and made h is legal seal. The lean Ya?ung man i n the art:fully age d ~own wig· tlwrougl,ly squared on ids high .forehead , s tood , bowed and delivered his neat little Sr->eech &'iRl "e less t h an a -g~~~ d o zen 01· afi'irmntion. lii1J~iff,i..;•.., was clvly enroll ed a·'lone th.et _____ barristers wl:d.c11 com rise(' the vrivate ~ bar. * pa bti;,o.-.u=41.'IL&..;Mfl'liillM'l'f!!fJ' 1 e had f'nlf'illed t i.e .fir& t requisites of' $ ' ' Ce(;il r!ho<.Jes a e:ard whicL sl.oul<' had on j oi.ned that his candicJa te ~ be ct ose1 only on the basis that they were stro11e , scl1olarly leaders. Irow lie woµlC meet tl,e 11lti1.1at~ , t he ' llope or t he olc.l :C1npire Luilc..: iut; uonor 'l:taiuttjnz; to1.;etlier a f'erucioub 'i.. . S . :;1 ,.uc1·' of treas 1ry aecnts/wu•~-~~ - - - ~ f':i nme i1 '-, wl4ich to inc ict ·,arcus Garvey. Polit i cs was ~ uents.> one eaclJ to a pari.sh. ,art-ti11P e.>..eJ:cise 1'or a hancl.ful were already up. l'is noti t I'ormitlable op1,oncilt would Le J .A. G .S111i th , Smith straddlet t he ba1 , a le::u1 lllt.feiene., air Of' ,J... ~.-. cloquci1ce coul d w€i¥2'1 opposinc counsel to a blob of' lather. I\ f'earless advocacy anu aristocrat whose/14"'-~•-~·•~ 'Jut re, uce4 /e;race-1111.uer-.1:>ressure f'ro;1 thA whi t e Dench was not l ost Ul'Oli .._ j ury1t1c11 . 1 .. e was immensely successf'ul , appeariuc i n most o:f t ' e i 111porta1tce ca:::.es f"" or ·[i .for a <.lozen years ~ 'aj lcy ~ . T'e reprcsente(' Cl are11- an abrasive r elentless <'OH i1 t the Let:,islative Cow1cil , / & __._ • battler for <,itize1 :,, ' r.Lt_;L.t ::. ¼itli an tu1q ..talil'ie ,' c ista::,te l.. 0 .r ./!,du:. ) S ~ --If~ JIW l)C,~ I~ /JOfl. (nftrJ a4 c;Je.w. ;\Colonial 0I'1.'i c ial5. . and lJer) 1 r/: .t(--J4.hfr \ with tLe LesliE," Clerke_/A~f'.F~ ~ • anle y ~ a .few weeks while lie looked for Cl1a111uers arw visited UWI L ibr ari es .., 16 su1,eI'b I e wa::; to ~ ~ lift ~ 1/1 fr~ e ~ ,~~ J ,! I J:, • If ~,~ 5 ,) ?, 7 :.i r, .. / tbe coHr t s. Likf t 1e/crart,.,, 1ar1/;t.Jii•llllll!M.,.A!M__,.._. l·eco, .e , I e lJPlicVfHi 111 lookillg t the wor:: of other ,r,ofessionals :¥"f:1 EuelarnJ , he had 7 reat J uri:sts a11d l.ad • bee1, l8iJ ~U '1'fWY'OO(lttXl'fi:fflltXX ~ Ue wa::, ::; tron~ly i11r1 ueHce,· by Lon.1 L irh.en1,eao an..= !incl 0 r ea tly at!111lrP , . (Tl1e wa y l1e too, ant' tl,e t·as t or • w ad ,_ Car::;on and Patrick astl11e::;. 't>G!~M~llllllWl!M: • - - on terns with sorne./K ~ v t1'f00 ' ,€~~ 1 ike T a~tlnt,~ . ) /ta ,.,e::; was ::,ald t o be u ucannily ...-- . ~ . V . Snii th , later • ....e..~ ~ ... er Lor<.l S l 10n lad oeeH lds .1,.1 e sonal frien<'. ' is powers o f ob~erva tion ai.cl -:t/vz_ ,fleer /M,.lO.Jn-/;u. = that f i.x et·z ~to tl1e :f~miliar,, . au al,:-,o.rpt:i.011 were of/.tu oruer . Ids younL wire '.fhe11/-S flicA/2 ""1Jtf!:--~~"~~ , ,. • p'/J11, .',(_ 'Jl,l/,t, CHAPTER ]::: Drumblair marked the creative it was to a t,;eneration. lea:fy lane known as the Old Church '1.oao. Set well hack fro~ the road , the house wa s reached b d r iveway a/ei,1ii'_.""'8 I 1-' ~ l!i~r~~:::!!~ ~!-t. which circled in :front of the dee verandah. Geilteel vlJ,,/1 rather than elegant , it had f'ine flo ors anc.1 panels a nd quickly w -~ii 1nade over into an ima e of the talented y ount, cou le who occu ied it .. • ~ • . ""i. r, t <: r &,-I, : l; l p tors , Jaucer::, , -;' l. I I nt;W.Jru 11bl a il rJ-< .a.c l'h f•. I { .{ ,,./, .. , I 11 • • UWI L ibr ari es ., 1 6 - A po::;sessious .i..n the li.3htl furn.i.shetl flat of' impecunlous young cou2le 3 0 the/~, Jl $ r.: were the th~ or 80 CUiJ::> and trophies won by -~;411 in s orts. To<.lay they would no f doubt_ ~ have The were 1111•• lost, , been nationa memorabilia but f'o.r a burglary/ ;n g ' e, a 1111a One 1iae_ thou ht the burglur wab a b.w1ery collector since he al::;o stole Dout·las I Glaxo. In lieu of the Glax9 the acquired a g oat.) l a _q fr_ ~ ~ , .IIJJtityAJia, g I ; a sha t;;Y Bt;:,y tian black , from the soltliers at Up Park Ca111p and move,.. 'Ji.a 1) c~( A redbrick sidewalk outside the cit,' s chief paz:~ r a s t he c radle • · runt:,"' u:f Jamaic a ' s modern ol i t ics. A :fli ht of s4.li-99 eight/~ t he western a couAJle o.f hundred f'eet lone oH/t.aewe"'" t and southern a Jroaches to the Coke Nethocli::.t c;,;l.La ,el , that land11tark g othii; in bx ick at the corner of East Parade and Eas« t ,ueen Street , was :for :tw:a .naill three d~~des tlle/forun :fo:t'every city ::.,eeker a f' ter of'fice. F.Acin.; ~ Q 9A~i&~ the dl!t Victoria p. :r'►- where b J.a the ,.,._aa_.,. o l d banyan treea droo.,ed shaded and cool :1'. l at:forn , hl l1 e nlfou.._;h f in b ro ad u e 1 ow)~ be eif-nt!dG~ _pacin ~anu \a1\ .,.a~~i tor i ~~ U t 14e/wau .. Ja£a,d ~_/ liUl1U1S~::fx1rbax ; ~ - t hfl occas i on a1--hor-:i-e- draw:n h ackney J . uilltii. s ave f or/ ~&AA¥&&Aa•~8~•x ~2owus flocked t r oll"' , ~ I l. 1:> <~ ~ ~ • , : tl-e a. ,paign ual i L v l 6 J:x ous • 1f it. Voters ;J:~::~: / I n t he f l i cker o:f t,l.1,ree - t>ur,11er • l"tfiH u \if[ ::> C-r r i,' 1 , / r"' I,,,. kero::,ene o il lamps on JI o les ( wea lthi.er/ t::auuli:et&.t.ltx e,$1ttet.-i,1J1e a f forde, r h etoric -• • carbille flares ) tl• / ~s~ rattled .from sucl1/ ·it.a~wa»A;-., a::; Leouarcl P. 'vaison , the oune Vlvian mrham , sho1 L , thick..,e t and t he doy en o f t hem all , old Al freu 11Do c '' !~em.ts ,, a / -$J&eik:s-@~ urow Laller eloquence lib e lb man o.f a9P~,..~•~411Y~~ and ::ra;_>ol eonic ••.-ee e;e::, t u re b who;:, e .i:wu.d± . n·ece~liug ~1'~ e.i. j o } th.l a 6 01.1.cral.l acce11ted lee,a l l ty ·vy un~ailinu ~ y / _r, ... @EH:e~~i,Og ofi'ice ::;eel ez ::, hi~ in:..u1 ts .i{;h th ac: j e cti~ " olJ.tL., , " : f'o r y ear::s , .t.iua »t111SP'ltlll.can .fell int o e i t !-\er o f t ·iu cat g-o r i e ~ , 11_.Joli tlc,.a l ra:;,cal.!:. '1 o r 111Jol i tical 0 l.-1~~•.;..ri-4 +1o,, ... - J1is,llllJt-i.i;,~ ..... ..-. i. _ ,rec t j-.. e - ~ .. ' th-... • .:. ... 1. ei C .::1 .._ .. d 1, ::/-:fi!rl!e ·•'·• • ... ,r , dli~'--c,J,~ ' u c co1,.,,1t e, 1 li>lC. 11iH<.;O oo J., . 11 l..nd ~ i . c ;xiilfitiHt :,-s..,~c.:.ic.-l i:,,.+ ~ ,..~ · ... !:i--:-1\,,..-.-.a.-•~JiHl to che 1 ,f 1 1 ~ wi. t c:_ .,~,. f i. t .... ,, 1 R~ .- 6! 9-.,.~ • ......_.i,~ J~ ~-~ ... •-~•-- -WaM-♦ft~~•••-•~~-.. • - P4U7 ••T-•~--~b- '~- prcpe-rl:ttnt:,.cQ../ "( ¢...., : .- ._. - - ' I {.. .L ~ ; .,_ t: l • h 1 " .._ 1 it ~t.t►t,iteEl.,, l l ' .r l . t .. w " ' o -r 11\~ayxs:ww M~ / '..lu.d lllO 1:.J 'f: •n ~ i.- ! ~~ 1 • J;::i~ ,t.. • ,. r,. -, J - ~ "' .&. ,.._J. (.1_. c / .d.~o-- L. 1 Lhan a/.!.. :i. 'fJ-fx k'±.:t~~:ra:,.-g~ ti l tsotaeft ~ i m , ~ ~~.~~,.~~-,!'~~ .. ~"!'" JLab~~•lls.x ia:%'JU:.5~u~~a»XU ~)& Jij,j,~~--~,£ ~~. Tl l' ..,L - '.., ;. Alt : ia. t a t w · ·· . :...1a_;_ ~ '.,t,. i,, :: .,_ 0U e1. 1 e o. son5. Kl. ~~!AUi .t 'I' ax x:i .J "' !. ..1,.:. : ··' ' L .u, .. i'll:aXEBl:.. ··(J ' e:~ c • °'" , .,, 1 ''. .!. /,taking ~ ,_:,,.,p~~... • e .1. :;, , XJIJ:ft.~-, - ., •~ u=t.'\'>A f,~ ~ --2.u ii..a±'IUII} ~ ~ d CJ_\: ." ' " - U.£. .., ffi U tul .r l • e1eath t._c l>I.:,"' ' ~ - /1\t. µ ~· i'ri l t.:, ly - JUl:tbi~ .... ~otur~s .i" ihe • e, loquence ,St:u.t/fueautJ,fulJ~ €-~n.trtrll.1! ,_adiXDJ'Ui . _ ,.,1,, . ~ c"1suall _0·ra11u x. ""1,:1:,y 1,.., /1-x., L ~t ~f ,/4,:, k.,.A- n- ~ 11~ '{-- 4. 1,.,.,,.,,,,, iv ~J>tl t>.lh-ir.,,., 1 ~ 1 ~~ I I""' I f»Y£~?,.e./ ;::, ~ -.; tut o,Jt.S ::( /) Iv. manner , A.. .., v I :_ , _ l . ,._ .5tJ ~ fl..i;..f ~rt...ov{J. ~ > 1-.~~ (/, ~ ,:-c,0 9-~ (. ,y " ti- ¼,,, ~t ,-. a "' uriou s L • e ~ ._ • ,:; ... 11 J, c ct ~:r t ... ~a t ' "' "' e ,c ' t.v t e UWI L ibr ari es l'.) ... t' i j his l.ome or amon"" ..... ..,.._, tl1 tu t.1 • a ; ...... t I sa e ._. J ury s i CT . I in t,iie intim'l<..) o:r/'.l!!'lllilMills: those And s 1rel 1.ot 1111-11 ei1 __,c:t 1..· o:· 1 >m he 1 iked , el:::,ewhere ./ _u.i t~ U:, th >u...., ' !'Uj.-i,-klti.1rn. li~ 'JU t lllstn c tln0 b.is i. ~ f.f' t. ui o: - ec ion • "it:> knowlecltle o.r law wa.,; , of' ~~~ii,all,,,ilioli'¥,, i,;ro, i._,iOl b J ~ C:Uf~J b account of' his conte111porarle:::; , /1,t ' • • • • 1; 1 ta or . For years the/ ..., Drumblair .fell darl:. • ::.?urcf' I coH::;ider i,11i,eac'1a ,le ,1eclares t11at J.e f'or only :four hou s each nigl t . /..,. oulJ slec.~1) .f from twu a . 1. to si. a.m . Cor reall • f'}, c catc.: i 1c, a st~ ~t, l tl.e1 l} wc:1y of'/1t.'i.:t.k:iri~ -"iJ, ne 11i._;~1t uy slee ,inu "'1 lcno cUl,I l.e a.Ill. i owevc1 t 1iat. ay 1.,,.__ , 'ii-, c:ucct.:..:s wa. /1~ollo~al .Y:e .s.kaN~ g:xsbNi:N~ __.__:~~ .....,~~~~@n~!~-H~~±±~~H~-•eP~a~~~~~~-~eP-e~~ 4±-e~-~~v~~-~a~~~r~• r ~J.+:r•r~""-,+..._-.,,. .. v~.l -~h" -.., ie~* ... + t ~ P e..- - ~ s.> i!L 1,1a:z:t.:iKxp. N.% x -· ~ :P Z@l --ti "1llii (I "h l, s L xXt , X C =mhlst-&e rt Cj_ ( l l o • . ~ a.li..au:.ti:N~:xi:}UIUUl i JURXJlX¥ Xi.JJI~ rta.>lliltXRXWi • 1 t ,€ k : J(fi~ B::d:: .::::~~ .. ::: ,.··=;;r:~~ _A . ". ,£; t. .2 Cj;i~ =-._ • i:J.0; , ( _ t :>o 1 ~ ;;"N~ _________ µ lie ~,ro.fcssion ~ iu quick order reco nized L,, re11nrkaule Gi.:t!:>. law youn_s la, y( r::. llnd unal,aslit>dly tool~ l:o lur'tir....., i.n t 1r> see, 1y /liurary then bervi1.(, the Supreme Court on the second .flou1 o:f tlle Public 'uilc.1- iHg::. iri the I.ope or obtaiui..11 a eratuitou:;; o )inio11 ou so it' knot.t) " ' lilt' Ob5CUlP(' 11oint. is it& tural ~enerosi ty 1,t4111.,,.G .for ~ / ~·M_.,..,~ t the Jloy , ,iit') .ancl libr ary When he did ca tclt 011 , lie took to q..,.., vi:..it i 11~ the l-' lawye1:.. 011 511nuay breaki 1c; ,iorniHG::; but soo1. a ::;L .._Jr i::.illv HUffi- uer o.r , the ___ _ cow, 1ant.1ment. ------------- ----- JO lic i t ors a1 d tllc x: • t_il uwint; bar ,< t the ... iulaotif!l seats 01· the courts irt wldc' 'arinn~t_;~· ·:_-------- ----- --:::====:=:;===::::::=-: a;,, t 1 e 1 rcsi iu., ..,u!',ticc r . 1nley 11 I , e. c,/ua3Ai~xax±M~xx t ou-cse t. e /""', called 01. the { e fence , was ,, 1 -. .. ys to \.:/ .. a .L h t e / XNIXiJa.Bl'l 11ut !II.Bl'. t of' a virtuoso }k x :f~x:AliXKe.R aclie"'llement that 1·or fore of' WJ. t , nl" ~ a wy er----- --:,---------. &llllt h.RX.fil ci::.ks it~, owu iJoo,-.;> 1eluctant ~ unavoidable uut/H'W ~ c !:'i27'":2 e since 11n1ch of t he c l o it i n Iii::. .1oli t.ical career cc.1me from tlte iHb i.'.:,l ts :i11to the Jamai0c.lu ch,u ac ter /he liad ea ineu th1 ouc:;li. ~ worl int,:; i1 thP la\, . "e ,va::; Lo , 1 ei'end all over Ja111alca , hl~h. c nc· 1 i 1 , ric:h anc poor and a 11 1•a4.,es/ in every i s l aud par l sh . civil } i,,,./,rnvocacy \',as to- l.~£-i>1 e1Jare tlle erol.Utd .for State evt>ry/wmtklGtkU ~ 1 e fo re l. ool-. social rf't'orrL :,,incie/the lane.I,* ~!!tnj~ .lii:tt:g uotice / 111 19J, . tourg o is 'ut h i s ~ orir;l11::. ar,d elite now , ei'fect lvely i,creened him .rro111 .-ns ' fau,41X·i.l,~~:.-tii!li;li;~i!il•~tltn.. :t il.e~ °'~ ~he s CCHf' . /·· :-~ ' -~ \I. i.. 1,-t x '"-l!llil!.t'eFIJ. N:t l n t !te courts he uru:c.l,e(' Tl ench T own , but ;:it the race track he ::;a t ·in the S t ewartl::. ' box . '1'l1e t1 u t lt tlie lesR a l.ikel y 11o l i tical fellow tha11 C'Vet ~houte, 1/4,t//fl.. k ;i~ ( !,}~u,.... fl-. tJ.1.J"',_ .t,,~ t!v~ IWJ.,d_ l/4/hd 4d. ,~ ;t; J;tfh,,.h. I J>cl,'nea . rr UWI L ibr ari es . ' £EX~~ , ~-r ., l' A- 'L vJLL , ; i" A'l' [S f~ ' CI 'IO , · 1 OL . J • C.: , vA:::, .,lJLT • ".rs r A';;, ,,.c :. 1 ULlT:.....,;;, 20 ueing a non-::; tar t 'er in i:y te r N. It sllot.1lc1 ue Ho t ed tl,a t i. :t even durl.nt,· those early day::;.) when li veL; t ho lJ fe of' the yotm6 1,1au about the u1Jper t own , lie nev.c l ost Louch wi t h the did no t t u r n h i s back on "market - ~ JUQ~-:i -x place . :&x Althou~h iie 't - ·e- e d't.- A ·. l¼ tlJe s t eward ' s tsat in the cheaper seats , ro&'tA!tJTe bo:x nor / S1iQiS,:x::ttt'C',d.i:l:c« ~ ~Httt'l!:!l~ at h i s beloved uo x i u g matches ;Jt"'~ lt as coJla t eral , later , were .folk- sport~ afl!W,w~li~i~c~·l~1---..~ that his/s . e - ~Jauu, l • 9- , I • ' 1 1 1t • ..., , , I' • ./ l lmost casually he was l.:;eiu~· • I -, l 4. I ~ - for_ Ids coun,e. (}.Er of' t he cool , a l oo.r y oung- l a wyer l-~11, 1 :tn t he bosom of' home , J\ side/hardly eve1 on view away from .A.X:.f Jil .S.ll ~Na::i. • ff X II • ri1t :mh }I( his .ramil y was ,~ w.ii..•li.~ :.ag- r~ei..aw· iitiii'iiil:litga;;;;;a;~~~~.:;;;;;~ ~ ~ :=a,,F.i!-~ w1:s: t 1 iw1,>reHt ice to h i s 1,>o li tics . F or PHACTICI"'{G wi th c l ients air ong up and down tlle lauu , s c r u tiny i t p l aced h i m i n / e&.16~ 4- w·•H as hardly anoth er pro fession wou l u . ire wa ., a c om u lsive r esear1-her aHd s o ught rational es - - - t o a fault. -f:. ~ 1,:, ~ "Y t. . 11- Ahl ., /" ✓~ _ -' _ , ,,,, . ___ ,;.?~ A ..- P,1.'t:d-..a,.,J11- J, fti. P,,,i, Jh(d .R,. ,, _ UWI L ibr ari es T 1...-~ L OOK T O :-I.1\.1'.LEY ~ \ 'hat wati beco1dn..., vident \\a:, t 1 lat tl1ere was a a growinc- '' look ~ lllil~ to "anl e y II ar1011c the y Eh•H ceP non- wlJ.i te concernec1 yotu•L men of' in the coun try . f'or ~ { i lentity/which t l e • ad tl...e / i h a..t ~.ke - ea *Y-St!,l?FiH.c;&-e~ rre 0w.ri8 1:1-~•J. - ~J...e-F~Hyl,l i=~8;ue ... s - 9 f the couu1on Jamai- lta<.l be6 w1 to va6 uel ltWlt,er. !'e wc1s a stron5 d.aJtk i->reseuce , acco1,1 -~ &~ Ka~h~I~illn~e & eFy· ~~• ¼ y~ e~- B~ga~i~e~~aP5atak•~~ e e~xx~x a~ {_2-n~ hwit..er was no t widespread . :.. F l: - ""'a.P , N l'f.± xax l'.i ~ i:1.a.0~~ llf0 .,ih ,;i:G.1W1 z ~ s:x.z w.CD5:t.x/ A spr lnk.l inG' of oung lnt el lee tual s cautiousl y 1 ad :fNNN.« d lscoverecl rarl )(~X :•a1 .x fiH o l i ti cal • -ro1 t'• e work.in.; 1..; lass bu1 in the vast caneXXll.N and banana f ielils\t ha t was Jama ica in t ile l ,au'xi t c mining decades bef'ore t lle Fif'ties , witl no/~l: .o+-i- J½Y - ¼ R0 or "'ac tories ror an industrial work.int; c lasliwoulc! l>e cruuching CD :foreseeable , the wai t / ~:M:fiXN:{l!'i~ r::t.llUt N~ ~ tl1e . >assionat~,n Jatierril'._ ~ lone; ex,.Jloi ted !>. b la ck Tl.1ere was 110/mi.... .m\.. ~tie old talk-shop on t he ·i' ' tongued oratory used to be so easily bought for pennies. " The long , arduous but bloodless walk to 'Thirty-Eight had begun. CHAPTER The walk did not kic3 into a march bec ause there was no leader. Ken- eth Geor ge Hillwith his National Reform Leaguecame close. In a less way , d i d A. G. S ."Father" Coombs with his Union. st ----------------- William Grant, a honest, earnest war veteran who had cut his teeth in Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association ( UNIA), was holding h is~ regular "banyan lectures" in the tree-shaded Victoria Park b anyan trees, unaware of his destined meeting with Busta­ mante. But there were unmistakable indications of a new awareness. E .L. ALLen, a diml,1l1ttive battler for elementary school teachers h ad taken ,Parish o f over the/Clarendon Teachers As sociation,zazxaaxxpa~zsaz first of the new young s.cneezz classroom politicians who would cut such a s wathe in - the Jamaican politics1 (Another~- teacher-priest, a young intellectual Father G1adstone WilsonJ whoJ but for t h e strictures of his Order would have been an activist, was lecturing i>n such erudite subjects as "The Origin and End of Human Society" to listeners including A1e.cander Busta­ and was bombarding the press with letters on the teach ers' plight. :t:&.A:NER,-A:PR:'lL 4 J 7) . S evera1- Ci t~i-z en 'lf.s soct~i~rclr- •MitlllQl ;.:- zeail:ubJJr began as suburban improvement g roups were turning their eyes f rom sidewalk mending to political fencing. But a new thought was gaining streng th as the days wore on. New kingmakers were replac ing t h e old ; bright travelled ~ftiBiRg-yelill~-M&R thinking young men in whose minds it:tit••~•*»ahswllll••••••••*••••Y••J'9••M•••• .. ••••*•••••P,••iP•••••* 'thirties, the blacks had acquired .~s.uffic ient votes even with the limited ~ .. a; 6.u./4~ su~rage to become the kingmakers l ~ they had~ few precedent~ the~ _.....1 r. i1l,_'4. ~4... ().,,..., L •VfrH'J-L ,.r: ,«-A:uc ~ tvlirlm,, b t:..l~u-,i r· ;p,-..Ll. ta l"ed their political problems by instinct [!_he probremZ'-~~~ xa lack of I r/.(._A., 1 v-(1 • C l, ~ leadership induced by an inst~tous sGa e,s l ~ ~ that ~ ~ their inward struggle s fo~ c~~· :ftheir own CB;pabilitie ~. /,..;;l /f •So I\ • 4 y'fti>f -r ,t t 1.at the c;rea t re sot rce::; of t .e isla1t( will be c.: l e to co1>n with tl e , enan( smac e OH t l e 11ri11..., the comi1.__; year , il 1any problems an di1fic lties wl ic1 we ave ::;tilo ~.,, 1v,T p//.,ulll ,.,..t:L ✓ to e t • II ' .l l aI'lP e .;!:::= ec;n:;~ s g o~ t e, c1r's ai,i Lre., o co1...rsc.. -"- 4 .~.,_ , ,(...t,,l..t,rdti- < Id lu{ 6,tek. 1'r~'"I~ 1~~ ,,., ;"""-,~ f),,-fp,;_ ~,.Jt-/4 ~k,;:.,_~' "HG- ,-, • • fa f I c!o,! ~ ~ i"=eii;ieo-t c,1 c, or { .:u:ii1 , >' t ;)It',., w1;;at .... , 11 t sto. s a1 urri - ef / I ~~« "Vi' ca1.cs .. icl have in t he past O('en respor1s i blc or the setbacks ,, i.:: / t l e ..,Q] J L- • SlJ • t ainer II "ar t he enr oi 1 5, .J~ .. a / ¢t t ' C ...-e-- ~ .A..... / ef'f'ect 01,. tl.e '..Jb/'..; 1 ha.J.1.<-11,a crop but t here were other u account a - b_l e s , s , ell as t , e _ s teriou~ s p iriting away or t he profits on rw:, export . 11 1t c.. ifficu.lt t o account or t i b l obs b. a11 ti1 ])~~ ✓1t,'y t he vai.iaican ,1 l1avinc: 1"ur.1uri.ng : ..L a,1 sure ,ov erruue1.1t ,. :::;:e:i::: e1,.ba hOJJei"ul l , ;. "T~Le Cuuan gover11ment/ar e t:OOl ncai ,l bours and will civo i , a n y e11bar rasment t o thi::. roverrnnent." All t he same , uovernor velll a 1 wi tl bet t er 1,ro1,1Lecy t l a n t ook a cleart>ye vie 1v o t ~ e uture W.1 e1 ... , .. e mo::. t poli ticia11s/ad,jec! : "Wi t h a ra ... J i , ly in<.:reasi11t:; 1Jo_t->ulatio1. allc 'the risk o:f i t s beine- :fur t her au@itent e t'rom out s i <,e , i t i::. es sen- tial t l.at tl1e po l icy 1J. arric--'-l t urel evelopnent , and a rJro ,ra 1e <;tb c;;=~e ts:::<=:=c;;c::si;:g:i=a::::: o • works s. oul< be stea ily purs e ; " es;l:y::...t:t:t=~ ====e =i.t:=b;t,;.f.=:i;s only to lose i<- 1'i1,e> si t in , whP1 , c ... a c t l tl ed. J bow t o ~ 1;irL ~Q~=~Q =~~7 :i,;~c T=~~a~=e~P==i~3=~~==~~e~~==o==g:~cr=s?a~e==/Ly ou::,erv- in, -e=~e i::, constituer..ts as a " l apJy , 1>eacc1·u1 ar co.ut ent ea !tad 1 ollcd arow ... , l i::; " I appy , cont ent er veopl e ",,. were r_;_ot.:.ne i n t l1c _ __,,...;:-,:--"l, E:;:::¼~ =Qw~~RrT=i.i;;=t=~==a~~e~=;,:;~~~ A:~~e~a~=~~e==~~ =t=~=~ e nih==t~g~== 3=~~ ~;==by=i~~e~== =~ l~s t t a 1 a t t e elrt wit h a ll t 1e 11 P.; t o l a1. , .1.t was t . Ol • t a air ... ay/ siL,"!tif'icant t} at ern1a11/t ;u;t; "tl e 11rospe1. ity o tJ ~ volon.>Jt lar 0 'l} cpc11< ent on . . . anan a c l ti vat ioi.." o,~ t he wi nd bl~w c t a t eL -fC.J.-- / '>t ~ r-,'tJd ,-.L t t 1 t 1.e ccono. ::,tau , o ... _el l. ::1, t e anl ey y •ar!- , 11 1.,1.,, i st c 7w € ~ ;i;;:t:q.=lr,= fdl, ,!.cL W ~i-n emhaTk OM~ L ~ :;:!::~g.i;;= ;,:=-~ ::i;::Q~1::h=:;:r~£-=~< a1 en. l avour t l at was to/t .. e --(v-t>"• /c,.w co. ien em nt o tl e -:r(•at c rv A i u t o ::;ocio- 1)olit ics . lt was t l e year (l &1,'11 ' ill'- ~" I/ t. ? 't( ltM.'\ .. UWI L ibr ari es J ~ onductA nore in •• AJ J 2J SUPPL •!ENT * - J but f'or whom? Job~ were scarcer than they had ever bee1, . Youths leaving ::;chool lu, -l , in ~he ~a jority case::; , no hope of regul ar e ,- ~o c l early de::;pe r ate wa::; yout hsd' cause plo)Tlent for years to come . ~ = =e;e 5l.:i;e i.e-ts=e£= shc =:;~ sp:sJ:!~tc: that the usually t it;htf'is t ea goverru ent was d i ppine ii. to its f;ar t hquake ~ ..., l i ef 1',und t o ~orrow .C 1000 towards t he £2500 est: ~ fd;ec:: , . required :for a oys ,. Club 11 t o mee.t . t he needs of' wtempl oyed yout hs a1. t.1 boys in the prov isior~ '?f ~ea,1. thy ins t r uct i on and amuesemcnt ... "t But Ol r I, 00 II for {!,'0 j us t to be 01. t_. saf'e sire , a loyalty -intens i ve bonus/ta:- :th*= .=aQ.=Qe~A 1acJe to t·.e 1 olic.,e irne euiatcly l ei.'ore t he bri cks P CJ.::i.;•;'= a 'l::st== =e #~=98e;,~;;~=b•~=e :i::e:i:i:e -t :fl ew in t he lay riots . One of ,l,)enham,' s hopes t ha t year was t he promise of' a mas::; i ve Pu'Llic o r ks proerali1111e wl.i ch would increase the vote for i n 1937 Extr aor d i nar y Works by sornP 5Ch . ut t he s all , ill - s t afi'ed PWD which/ r? "" hard pressed to S.i:JeHd £250 , U00 ;mu.3;~ had the fainte::; t oi' c1mac 1 / -~~h~a::,:::l~f✓ ~~hc= =~o=~ u¼e= ~ e =~:l;al:c= q~a~r•~=A= = ~ =~el;enr=~a= • 11:cr c w~ no't exactly a lack 01' tal ent i:n 1'or S,:? c uri nt; the i ::; l and ' s r r turnin," to i n i on t o/e_pe;i;atc a soap :fac t ory ~ -==-=b y:-p:i=e~~i.:t:;;: tu ,s111J1i;ly j; =li~e:=.t::eeds tl e island ' s n eeds; ~i;th::; t i=;• . 0-ther.:) 1 ,u1 ,..,7~Jq~estcci to b e a al l owed to put up a • Leen i nco, etition with cem< n t f ac t ory; but since either woulf hav c/l:l! f'a.n~ j ~;;g=ef=~s:ett: :i.~s .. · .• t,oth we r e f latt11et at a Iritish import•e:;:,Fr-e~.:.s:t=,= ~ Q&tp birti by t he Brit i s vcr1or . lii:~,=l;.:i.s:h= ,::l,3;=:::s:;:= UWI L ibr ari es :HI a t,ana ' . • chririsma llieo1Jle ( t .. ,: i ·' ~ fb!=i=~1:::~!-'t!aet ,~t.'l as a 1.>otaHtial ,;b,3,....,i;,.., J. ol i ticnl stc 1,, _ (ct ,•r ,-"-.,t-t.-..-t ... .,..,.. __ ea.,;i,,:,t. b c• la4A 1 " c+-w-. . 11 <- 0-3' , :.;: :t;;;r.:J:UA :u, 1i BlGH. O~ <3~ '4-.. .U..,,.~'1 "'- 11 ~1 fupu.__lfAt.{, ~ tke4/llt fr&.r,/). ,.:_ ~ p,_J, ~11,t,.1,<::, 6.Jf :!:ii 1 ~ ~011 t ------- :::JZf::~ C-Dto..- t; l fildS \QPf P fi>-·1ac,t't;:::.::;- -e-o Cd t~ 911 tJ. rfH=:8:i.a _.z./:\(~-!:..:l.:i:. ':1:r Of t',G l,aua1 cl ~ocial i 1 ... ,, ct/1>1&.1a = i==eit:'.::1:;=.::e ,...uear was a once yearly l1arvest ca11e. ::c:i::;:;e:9=i:h~=:1:1;t-:l;r;::1::d:i_;;:1;1t::15~t wlJeJI ~·or tl,rce montlu,; :k.i=e:i;;:i;: occurred tlte G-rcat ba theri1 b -. or , 'ow to tl;.e ::,ut.,21 ,.,lair,.s rea1, er~ 011 tl,e ca1,e - tates. They cautt/.for tl1e sl.u~lc Jt.r;.iosc flf.trILiut; qmlck wa '"' e,:::.; a1.1.cl 1: et 1r1.i.in.t., of et;tt:ic:i::Hg=ea:r:.e. =~~~=:i;:et:c:!:'!i::~.i:.5=l=~.=1c; bo,1e , 1.101;:;tly to t he 110U11taius. ba~ was bee-'= The banana man/w;:o.x arh~qc.s/ cousil. ere<' j;NxD:e: t!1c wei .., 1tei r < i ti:.;cn. I- e usually was a landowner , howeve1 s; 1all, or st11rdie1 i11t.!e P11de11c<- . a as it di<' tJ-- e weel~ly ' ls crop ca1.1e i1 all year , 1.,r iH-ill:c,/as =i:: t=c:ii ;:i=ihg, c,;: £ :i:1:;1e " banana =~anaA~=~e~~-=~~-tev~=-phe-v-----~-~~aP~ - Qe~ee tab±~~~~r . tl~t I ca ~ ··fien .13 1)0. a~ { ... J.1 ,;:, uori;..._ 't OWll E_ra:i.~ :l:n...; C 0 tlu, ,ly .L l uI.ll, l~au... ~ ;&r-; e =ea; ~=H: ~~~=~=a~=l;e~=~=Q~;c-ws~~-~ . = hau- t-..3:~xJ..':::\ '"•;,;.,aua., 1 elt , conceivaul,, , rcsl,)ec t a~iility . rnru1. " ~ , £ai;;:.:o;~s =P:t;t:i;Q:c= 1 ational oru ~1al:-,ation on the Tlte • ;,il; ~(."! :!:s first/ eetepec e:e:i:l:te.x.M:fXK»ns.BOfMBNXR:X:WXJ!.X::f»xmRK i~lan._ wa~ .formecl /a, 1011..; the ba nana e-rowcr8 . It was ha111mere, to~etller in the f'ace of 01 ....,0::.ition f'r•or1 t e most .... ,01.,er.fuJ private e11terp.1lse evc1 to O~)erate in t:1e Car ll>l>eau , tl1e Unit ct' Fr ,it Coi111,any . Axxrlk.i!IEX UWI L ibr ari es ( \ \ r . . . --nl l' OUJJ. i n; of" . t l . :,\ ~ f'\I It lh .;,,::1~d,tlan:.aa:tiert_ banana . business [ is cren.i t e t o ,aptain . erican r ow 3akcr , a 19th cei t tu·y/sea captain workin, out o ort tonio. ].J t, e 1 20s , t he i s land was s till t he lar es t Lar .. ai a ~c,ef e:: ,or~eI , cCJi;ii::~ ~xclusively (w.i.th A{ .ch;a) crvicin,..., tl e uro­bai.ana ,Jean arket. !.'he nite 1uit c., ..,fl, it ' it s vast/plahtatio , virtually owne t he 1.: ar·· e1,; td:s e ~ also ::, i.1. 1)ihw c)I\-~ and concessions i n Central r 1aerica =>'= t::~~r; -:,:/\__ controlle ~ , ~r <- ti .., , - The Company was a monolith that controlled the economy of several CAribbean 1n encounter and backed by the gunboat countri es with ruthless efficiency. Feroci ous • scow l of t he United St a t es , its might knew no limits. It penetrated and sometimes changed the gove rnments of Latin American countries rt/. ' 'banana repilb 1 i cs. 1 1 I t, of course, liked monopoly. wh ich became known as 'l. Ot;l. ~ I , ...,o ,any/-p !F- ,.illc rave aud i'arsi htet 11 ..... t was in tl ese circumstances that a few en be an to believe that it was possiuleto p lan or a coo.._Jerative bi, cnou h to own t Pir own s i,.,s an stror.., +- "1}7' :) bargain with thc1:1, " r ar.1 C} ,-! ?i.rley JoLston , .:iir Arthur ,. ~rquawrsm Cu.,. t ain List, . .. : . \illiar s , illia ( ?? ? ) Joysey and others , T A V coLU1tr) 1 s first cool,crative , the ..,a aic~ unana reducers I Associa­ '.'Ct.S't -b~=;a:::::: ,=t::i:: ;= tion , wus - =1:j create, to/=.,e~t-= make " banana days II s t ea,) ru 1 fun amentall) even- rice . Its inco li11v ,mulct/change the l..:..fe - style oi t he far er UWI L ibr ari es ' ). \· --- anc.l albo c one near t o s 1J J t i n r ,,.-"'."I , 1 .1. ..v s t r r f'or ;.;; ...,.uQ~td.~~ . a ul E:y s lead ing b arri s t er , le was JBP , a ;Ut-iss t e i on was e x ce l le11t. ;;& i,;::i; =l:.c:i1 11 .1. ... s e were men who ulCHv a out t 1 an wer e worr i d a out t ue scene . A t he i sloud ' s '---.. rela tion~' i - uetwecu in i v i d ua l e r owers u ll < t h e cooperat.1.vc. . l"~kd.. ~ f L any 0 1.' t . f' ... a r mer s tO 1\1 (J t .._ l ., Q 1 wei'c f' inaHcia lly ep er.deut on t / ,vol , c.u - ~cw ~ l ikely A b i rn.:.in c ontract t'rui t in c ris is t i mc b J to tl , ·:::, bar1 a::;s cnt s e s sions a t b lair , soc i a l and ,couo ic con i tions ; core- s t r c t ure O J r ew h i1, eepcr int o t e ; ~ ...ee; •=Qa: t he eo,le . e ad known = i:1•.1; <.;-uanaboa l Qn , i sc 1ss i or. of D1 tl.isway J i.;ot_ ,..r_a_W_l _l-:-1-uto tlic real li""'e ol t·.e cotu1t 1y a.ru..: L,ee-aH to learu aa,1 1,i. t - rn)sel:f J'o1. t:,e f'uture l,cd·an lu l9J 'I , 11 1,e ::,aid . ar i - J l t l t c I it.::, .l• t ' .. !l!'t _#IJ. .:, ;:, ( ., d i t el P t i a l l y rode h ox'ses , ,1~---. ....... ac-....... ..,,,e I -e;--- ul en 8118 COPY The creati on of the Jamaica Banana Producers Association for buying and Once exclusive to the UFCo, awakened its shipping fruit to overseas markets on the smaller company. (Or coopera tive, as corporate fury. It turned savagely i t rea 11 y was.) bootle e liveri cs ah= ~=~ to t le 01 t e o t her b a n , a UWI L ibr ari es • • :, ; \ ~table incra ,1sci "I. , unco ·::!A;;:°'t,~ :&.:.;~- •"' e an s r:icant/tt-=-=-~ •*•~~o:z o... ::,uJiiJlies to tl,e Coop . .th e probl e was ow to 101 ti c Coop row.ers to t l,c it p roved, but t l ruu~1 an so · their contiact.s . 0 ,ay , ~ ~•~ /> 'f'b.0. (. .w_ cuess who had to a. z !ic-£ 'or t i C Coop . anl cy \vd _, 1 v j J ".i.~ e; 1 or t. t e c ourtJj ro.:.d 1.,uOp ana i:;ccur .1.1,._. convictio1 s :for penal brcacl'. c:> o.r tl contract wa s not tlc ca::.icst popul ari t y , ever foi t· 3 .fell ow whose skill 1 ls '-chool athletics . ~ .. t, the und4r · peak --~ £ a c "Mf11.,."°1l1d ~ and hard work had helped the one organi zation t ' creat des iL,"lled u::. ed 011 l to'1r,i;ir(t.' {:,: • , He ~ ... s an autheut i c war hero , a bril­ liant Oxonia1 , a much sou ht it' t., 1-la.lto:? ...... 1 _ s,.:>erit in min .74 advocate wh o could naue h i s ¥.,.,.&/1 J - 1 1... ~eekine,- a way out of' blame on the la ho rose c utE ation with a group that had not only a ~ • it.:; .ao11:l1, oly but riiif/! cllal - f,,,v:1t ~ \) l.eneed it. Such heresy brought o\.·t t~16 lj ...,o ' ::, il~f ~ l h i r self" , ~, ?" i , ~ j, ~emurr J , ~ t Je ic-. -fL_ mu -fi',,1 ~i., /1WJ<.- ""M d..c,o~ i/c.v »..~nJ a 1,owad. Rco.:.-a.,e; />1 n. 111 t\.i,, I-', .{a"/ iJ{ 4,;,,., ~ I\.. " tc, u r r. y ,,as ..,, 1. c.. rkaule an . As a boy , bor n of' Bessara- bian par1,a'lt~ who 1ie-r ated to America , he had matle 11011ey .fishin~ z' 11 :C-§5 .J!L_:[:j§ :err- hf ,_ -1 Jamaica . One t11:in 0 1 <> as cc a,1ant a out. 1 e \•'Ould I ake no Geal at all JlhA) with cJ'cooperative body. If' a way could be .foW1<1 f')r tLe/eeo:p to become a joint stock con1pany he was prepared to work out a :::,ensible and generous proposal that would secure the English market .for our bananas . ,le had terrif'ic debates w:it h all my friends in t he banana business but no one could shake him 1'rom h i s basic posi tion . HP dia not like cooperatives and wouJd not deal 1,ith them . I~e had a strong lrovernuent and it hand . / ;i;i;•odida liii¼e&=goeu.nzaswt backetl him aine hundred J ercen t a.t!hf i lt was impossible to argue t hat the coop erative was a better wa y to handle C /?t:!. 1Jia,1 !tt J the banana business • t1 1~i.i.l~ F m~=I'.&t~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ::. The e; phasis , not ~ ' ¥' contributes ~ a forecast of the prac ti cal visionary Aie was to / '­ ~ a~=~Ao=k~n~=CF=p~ ce~;e a~::'\l?is~Ob=~sat=•as=~Q==a~k become in polit i cs , the think- style that hi:s:=pql:i 't:tea.l:=e.n:eSl:! =:S~=iJ'19"1=c~=i;~J..: Nould mark hii,; career i'or ~ool or ill. It was a Honesty with ti 1self and circumstances.J• t i i-64 C•'h?l d.t0 0/V\.. ~ k ~ ~ /J1£..tii-- ----------- ? J u I ;Q n uti c l asp 10----el O I e :f:".:r± t.:. '1'-e p 0litics * as the art of' the nossible. s1.dclLard Lart writing in 197 ,Josed thequestion: relq tes tl at Q~"~S=QUt =$h&~ in a 1967 letter to , an- 1 ey he ~ f;k e-i;:;: !!:~ ~ =wxs:xxJIXih:e x d.i: XXKX:Ki:aru; xi:BXl!tiN~XNµbxikB.xi.~j )C*.KbcX* x "lt ,va::; in the discu::;sion:3 leading up to the 1949 (1 .. ) Statement of Policy that I first became aware that you and 1 ethersc-le ei:" were thinking alone the same lines as Munoz ar in i1/ y ~ur approach to indus trial:i.Sa tionj antl foreign capi­ tal . Lookine back , I am inclined to the Yiew that this was not unconnected with t he alarming proportions o.f w1e 1,t1loy, ent 1,J,;L,J i n Ja-nai ca and the feeling that unless something - ~ done to provide jobs very 11uickly the unemployed would turn aeainst the P!;p in office as we expect ed t o be) as they had agains t ~~ 1b omments about the i.949 proe:;ramme and what preceded a i:e ooth fa i r and correct , a lthough as a matter of fact I had r.1yself in conjw1ction with Nethersole thout,ht out the lines of approach t owards industrialization which I d iscovered afterward:::, fixed as r~a n lcy ' ~ meeting with zemurrayr'lay be/~e6:~ded hi::;fir::;t signii'icant exercise in negotiatinc . He ~ sought out the only line of' rea;c,onine- that would impress a stubborn u1an . "I t hought there were other areunents t hat went beyond the C economics of t he matter but fe•v , if anyoue , t l:out.,ht that tl ese consi- .. Lr ~ & da tions would affect Zemur ry , t1 he r~counts . "As the i'uture ( ::;howed) , th.~v t their • wa::; o co11cede all h~ ~ - n the ::, tar t UWI L ibr ari es .. • ~-.. • t l • so as J o open up otlsr asp ects of' t he natter . I talked about the hist ory of our p eople , the difficulties t hey face d , tl~e values t hat mig...1.t be .ha rnt f rom tL.e cooperative movement ." P e lul. had eone f o ~ an hour's meetin~ . e bta yed for four. Ze11urray was "aosorued , sympathet ic anc unc ers t andint; . 11 so ;.anley ,, a ::, not/ ing en(i. ou::; as to b elieve tJ-iat he coul , change Zemurray but he e ained what h e had been after , an opening or t h e toueh old tussian r:-iind. e woul rl of course llave 110 tr1 c 1 : with the Association in e~~~~ its fl co op erative struct u re . . anley r e calt s th.nt / '1 ~ ~ workecl out an ingeuious plan ( tl1a t) \las ac c eptable to .l emurra y . And o :ff to New York went Charlie Johnson, ,icllard ,rillia1:1 s and I t o work: ou t a n ac;reernen t with an organization t h at wa s not to coop era tive b u t a s tJ: ang e fo r m lt\i)A'Wt)l..,IQ ,~ l s of of e ompany in whicL all t h e share - the cooperative." , --. foun in0 He was very _._JrOJ.a o " his role i11 ~'o-J:J~ the oI' i t s subsequent re - str Lt ,i .... , a fault I roduct..r.::; ' ,.ssoc ia ti01,. anc, / ~~~-~ ;:deb &;- i!c~ s ( The Association ~ .tDt:Jl'.Xf!:&~ ~ r;;,l;1;~e,;=&= $.t!'1;i;.3; 1::10 ::- t 01· n_, would a ppla~ f ~ _ • was a trail-blazer .for amon6 tl .. em the other co llnod i ty g rouµs which lave k r.:,;r.:,c:;;,;J;y. shown i:b.t!= N 1 ·- e,:., ~ our ..,>riruary producersd .1ore prot'itable :ma~~.Jdld.83 ~ fag;;:...;c the way to/b-e:eWs:sea f!t!et.. marke t::, . But even .10re pro1 oun, ly , 1 anley ' s involvement in t h e business t~ .~ island ' s to ta a' &£2~ changel.the/social s t ructure. UWI L ibr ari es , ... ,, ... ~ • tfVaf Nltci?e,J.. PAGE 25 SUPPLE~1E.t'.f' * - l ~ ~ Aft er ei 0 h t ,.,, 1._ f'or ...!.'t h Hr q: t r~n.;~or, o .,,.,.,t">·.,. " '~ ~ ft dfays of - 7 r clentles s = ~=5:i:i:.::: :i::=5 I~ c,. 1; 12 t i o11s with t h e Yount; Turk s o f' t he troo_,::; , a g reement on the for m of' v u1 pany ' s lea al/~t:1r.l:t:i.:t. - a::t:=a~:=c e ~e:t;tt==•:t=z:eac:be ~ contrac t . ~ It "'onlc.,. f'rui t ~ · be \ eusure t lla t / 'hh e~1:uu1mac:.# ~ .-- -----1.Jused 011 the current m~et;;.%:t @ a bf~ :.11b l sih bou~ht nt a p rice p>u.'c.e • rna r k etl'l The market woul b e s h ared in a one - to- four rat io-/, ,. i th t he li.iCo ' s subsid iar y , El d ers , F y f f e s . said o f it . e lsc -1he r e " It was a uni que and remark able agreement , " Manley h a s "I d o not t h i nk a nyth i n g quit e l i ke it was to br foun< a.=;n,il::e:=9= e:.=s e in t ' e worl . 11 ,t hc."._," c...,;t Y\11,..::(' ti.... -re&.lfv"ld.-, , )e c., his t h und er- bolt . II e took my oreat h away ,d t h a p rop osal wh i c h h e said from h i s t alk wi th me in Janai ca . 1 e p ropose L. t l·at t h e ~ '~ set as i d e one c ent per ste11 ( of bananas ) ex1JOrted from Jamaica t o forw a fund t o be admi nis t ered by an org ania ation to b e c reat e d by me f'or t he g ood and welfare of t h e people o f Ja11a i ca , with e mphas i ~ on t h e rural p e o p l e , " AS thin0 i:. !5tood , / }=~ c;: 1' anl ey p oint s out , this woul d be 25 mi llion cent s (u . ~ .) C"i? ;;' 2,eJ18 am1ual l y . At t o day ' s mon e) , this woula be ov e r .,2- mi lli on a year . 1' o •uean expenditure t o b e t acl-.l ed ~ pu~,( .,._,;rt,~ CW!,/kl lJ'j •i.Of d1.tln,1t!.+t'o1-i s,~" a .t:R 11W1.11a. .f..t.v(. v/d~,p/lv ~6.s,11.Jt. by one 1mn) "..,,. •~ power over i t s d i ::;tri bution . Af' t er :forr.1i 110 a " co 1pcte11t execut ive boa r d , " ,la n l f y was to b e :free to p l an wi t h •. is oard as he t houc·ht b e::;t . Tllere woul be moz e , u uch mor e money too • for Z e ­ J murray p romised t hat the o t h c z Aoeri c a n fru it colllpani es wor .... ing out of' al.so ~ - t he a 11aica n ma r k et woul d~ jo i n t n . +(JJt;,, ;;i..S°, IY"· '-' , ,j~ I '- ~ ) ).. t ' ~ . l) c} D UWI L ibr ari es 4 f PAGE 25 SL'PPLEMl~NT - ?. l .. ; recocinise~ Tji a ~ night in New York , Aanley hardly slept. ~•or l1e/, a s A.C!!ils..ae ..fi,.c 1.''"''f the empllases he ~ ~ iw!6w:.kt'f"~ a bhirt in/o.1Pill!l!6 ~ or his li.fe,. l'he a t h lete turned ~ upon the road sol<11er,atttt scholar anL advocat e was enterix1t,/a-,...ildi:fN-.;~ tbat oul d l.e was to know • ~ disci pli ne/ o ~=.l:::i:s: :l:::i:.=e .• A e e - c: 't:i :l: ;i • i:;ad; i:r:tg_ __ _ ~) • ·or t he monent ' A. in t Le manner _,, t hat 1 ad b corn 0. i'amiliar to brot~her aclvocat<•s,,., o: t la. •~ his/£el;:l:;Q.:.t=b~e ~ .I:: .., rs s a.h.. l:ab bl bc/as .S: w1..- .,.. . ~ ~ ~,xJt?siwte> exclusively \~ ba"'~"li Cd rd·r p ct;::, convince _g; d J w l e l>er.t ,iis mi 1. /upon the 1 atter <> t hand..1 ")f . e muu st/!!:p~~:si;i=e:e the erowers\"who could not fail to see t ha t t heir child , the t hing t hat they had committed t hemselves t o build and bring to maturit, ,the :x)u?x bat.Lana coo"Jer a tive) was quickly b eing brought NIJIJiily thouGh t of' ..,, er1:.1..ad i ng the to au end ." Leg i slative Equally vs 1 b( G was the e116 a 0 e Cpuncil ii-1 which h i s ~r-cl rival 0 . A . ..r. s•ni th was a power , to/~ in to law 9-~.,u, 4. c:..c l'I c.()rt,( Xlll/ t he anley- Zemurray ~ 1p~\: cc liL& t which woul 1 gii,lation . have no vali11i t y le5t turned out that the/l.a -e~eF uulesb ) Y special/=•=~;~£~:. ~ut it was cleared :first , - "" icax : • J ; .. A number o:f the key po liticiaL.s were tte,selves plant ers and controlled by the ~~~o , as J .~ .-ieff'er , -- the eer "'rt al manage.r of the Company in Jamaica , blunt l ., ~ ouserved __,,, t o Governor :.Jenham at a King::, House 111eetiug. ver::,uaaed Lanley , e v e r qui ck t o apprai se public opinion if 11ot/:>o.e'C•s&a.1-.t1.~ could be regarae~ aH ti!!~~-= by it , reali~ed t hat the Zemurr ay offer/o :=a ~e=• poul tice a/~~F ror tl.e ~ :=i:•1toug wound he had inflicte I dm Ja aican .•ride; ._"-~ re,,~~ "that I had betrayed the Co - op or even/twor se A •=.:;a:=¼•3' anll sol, triem out :for wha would µrove to be Jm,;t a plaything of lllY own . " v7 , M,;c(;...cj --/~'-rvi.. Cannily/\('1e saia nothinL about t he 1.,e mrray offer Jl.lZ( /c. .f'.s.r 1L.e plans j wst .i:;craped to .@!9 d'c approval J!ft.' the ,tlropos ed 1.ew onpany . ceeded but p ro­ ho1,1e at a tumultouH Ward Theatre mee tine o:f planters where Charlie Johnston in an won by a s.iall martSin 011 the vot e which insµi:ied speech/5:r.:i;:a.e e:=~h•= =a =s¼i.~at:=• sge followed.* *.i anl e )' at the '.",n·t1 i:. ol..e "or one hour a n <., ~ i' .iced a ~ru !l J Jn~ l,arrc1 ~ e o""' . t •e ti ti<1i torial .e .... co •~ 1-6~~- /_;!-:Ja,i,t;,tc, .... " 1elfare tap1)e,i a deep stream of mi d le clas::s interest i n ) 0,6M/'1tf ..fl./lc1 ~(. Ja tc i caJ Ah choihl t eachers wer e a nxious to e¢<:it;=:i;:i;;; ( work wit h u::s) i n t erms that meant no i'ina ncia l benefi t t o t hem but answerea a deep f eeline- that rura l ..ia 1aica need ed special h e.lp . %@1 r e ; l!ld& &]?.. . ~t~ )'rhos e wer e t h e p eopl e that re::sponded mos t A t.&ft}' t o t h e call f'or self'- g overnment wlli clt I was t o ra i ::;e just t Ho y e ar!:> l a t e r f:t~c:i "'/ff O'rih ( t 1trou_, L) th~ I eopl e s National art .. t1 (fa'1."'· (?1111-.. ~ i-z '(7,/~y1-.. P#f-- >1hen ~ -~ =- . c , escribes as a t1d i lemma 11 t hat / Jamai ca : e l.fare became the ~ os t /\ i portant soc ial b o d y in t he o our..try just a year aft er it was formed , he was t h e n be comine leader of' the p 11 / and "deepl y involvel in the most act i v e p olitics Ja. 1aica had ever known . .«' .-l1at was I to lo? " ; an interoict on politics "Jtl.1-,,.14·t,.,;\ clhat he d i , was t o l ay O tx;;;:: :f4...ij;.:::.,pu ~' tM¼ i nside/I pl - l ave been a. .far e , an exercise t 11a t c ert a i nly lost t o h i m what coulu/ c::~ ~ -I' i net# 1 oli ti cal mach ine ;~• !FC_Q c::'i1o/?'t •. f he rulinG kept h i m .fl~ fhll,(,t,! ~ f~ ~~ 4) 50 low as to hav P 1a e h i m ~ Qiliaz ~ ~ .1~ie l activit 't•,t ~ J.ro.1il1 / tism11 t l. ::.<'te iIHf a½.1o s f:>o l,-1,ta{(y /N -~ .etJ-1/11 orte<.1 the !'ew at tlie to:, was ",,) -llcat ed/ by ~ . ~ / MNN~l>1XXXltNX~.au.tXRxx a r UWI L ibr ari esi f d i d anl ey t h at h a d been wait in ... ~ 1.' o r just _ c i a i:n , i t c . . , 1 e o a n l e) ' s Ji:eU:i~ .x~.$.l..l!.!A-ili:i.e¥ u a r t ic Ll ar g i i" t ~ was '--is e.x t r a - l>onus o f' ord i na1 _· a ili t y t o at t rac t re er r its on a /bl oo d - s weat - t e a rs; a ~ w.,P.,;,t.'- woul ~ f,.LI .. . t>' - M :p/NillXxi.N lilani f est~ n t:Yen i.llo r e astonl shi 1.g ,, ays Ot.?C-->' ==- - " 'T'o ~ t, 1 t wl1en lat er e 1J e g a1J. t l1c buil < i ng 0 1 a .:>0lit i c iil party . ~~5#'"'= t he t utr i te ~ J~ L ,c• l 1•{" -flu2, 2-,;:,ji)/tZ. / ,.. i..,_. Y t .. • ;:tJ:4 e ,::-;-- Q-'< "' r- - • socia l r ,~ror e:=Q:i=. --:- p to ld;;a. _._ w ;±ti' ~ t l rou gl1 s cl - c l p , l ~ /- ~ ,u,,Ht tog ether a .,r ouµ o f yotmt; 1en wh o wer t o l,~c o . f' ,il.L O -'- J.e 1-;elld:ci L)y t ,w qua l ity/ an, qua r t i t y - -- of t e ir UWI L ibr ari es Cl- AP 'fh-H .F'I F'TEF.J\ '\-, 01J1,H·~~ I .J~ j ~ If 'e,(l t) 'i I t was back t h&a Jamaica, 71 .n:m no t p oss ible / to g et c l oser t o ~MJ[SIBll}1JIIJW in-the Penza nce and its eelilB.t:11~ssee br-irtsh Isle s ,th a n a t Q:~Iln1i:ll'.l Penzance i n Cornwall . / ZZ • urr oundine zmemm0mtz s~n~• ~~agfxxn aa•az ~n ~ / s xde / more sunny ctavs tnan nv o iace i n count ry/ has e&re-~ffl'!-~~aR-&ny EaKll. ~x•x ~n g land . I ts gardens g row t he • and vegeta b les ll• b looms /familiar to~ Blue Mountain c ountry , ~ .,_.~!!'~_, • Fr u it . t r ees flour ish in t he open~- Close to P nzance ar e • and ~, 111nr go-0 , ~asily-taken- to 1 , names . such b~J1 hamlets as Mouseholej GulvalJ.MMMIIL~lelXJOOCXMe~ZjH , ~aey are r eally satellites o f Penzance and weee later gr~uped Newlyn is also c l ose by./ Newlyn has a spec ial ±·ame as the p lac~ / in its burrougfi_. on eart h f rom which t he e l evations on i r dnance maps are calc u la-0a£ aup ears o set o f'! , seezsz t0z senlaiiiil!J8- emafta e an urgent call to a rtists. ! t e d . I t also Ba~z aasz aaz•x•x••xm.ix~~p&~~~ae•iea-~eP-aP~~s~e~ , The magni f icent coastline , rugge dl y bea u tiful , t he light,a~~a i g-iis t heir There are o t he r xa~£0%B p rof'usion o f' folia g e , assists/ tu choic e. / Acros s t h e water are t he s t oried I s les of Sc illy. t he Within a Sunday walk are X~IllilKXaXKIDOOQf~ EIQ;DOGIXX most..-iiesterly-.(Laf d I s End ) and s outherly (Lizard P o int ) _.., ,o f land . _ TheDpw~iealre~~!:i wh en our Arawaks were reaches/ And anc·ent?IJ z:uocxnnn llX~~uc~x~~~aa~~~~~~G~~~~~~ too . 1''ine romantic reasons , p l us b eing warm and 1 comf'ort - ) . ao e . g reeting Columbus. t s' d o f In i B t his iiiiiail11iaize1um2:2~z a~ir>W'l~ZIH!l11.Zal'U:l~ , ~ 0 ~~~/ extraord i nary appea~z ~~z~iia/ jltiiii~~»K it~ h i gh g~ound i ~~z 2:he splendid isolation, ~ pem-~Re and ocean , xis c olourJ&ii z0man~exg••g~•~ncax Pes•-e~ - BRg- in a tae ½e.1'1.e T Edna Swithen bank grew up~zz0z.~z:i.eggee i.111 a country pastor' s anee uncon1 ined tiln spirit wh om her f uture hus band f irst saw x mans e ,,Zzhe~z ~ate~ts aaz al00zz aa0 z e&w-ae-a-~e~P&R~e - a s a JOCXn~ 11 a little g i rl o f' f ourteen , a strang e , shy and h i ghl y individualistic person , quit e unlike t h e rest of her i 'a mil y and indeed unlike anybody I had ever known . 11 • He ha d ~ BWZWEHBWHIDI t urned tw enty- one, embar ked on t h e Rho es but d est i ned to ~av e , a while t h e ~ ~¥1:~1' ~~ g reen f i e ~d s o f ?F_a- aea0e0e t h blood :.tax iflaxB/acad eme IIJll!z a z whzie for~ZMabti'JM2Z£:11BfU: blrre s o f Fr anc e .• The rela t ionship ~2al/Hi1e0 survived t h e f our year interrup tion in a way ibc.a:i n o t f' r equent among t he v ery young , but not without UWI L ibr ari es I I • s ome hel p f rom ' __ i ljlJ~hlll ' L .-- )... • 32 = ~ ~ . _ ___,/earnestly· and Mother Natu r e who haad / t hought f'ully kept at work , a s he r e c ord e d tta most exc it i n g g i rltt z~z, ~~~Z special s treng th~z1uu1a and h ave been a ~eeziia~/ lighti an~ UWI L ibr ari es UWI L ibr ari es e,- 11.i.s"ti~berti) , a uar1·1ait' earning ten shillinG·s a "' #' two - and-si~ 11~,-aweek1" ~ . <' her own uaic ,1lll41fPD4ieai •.,."-•.,..-,. -eucl. a situat.i.on week had to pay coul, hot help but deepen t he divisions amonb the lJeO ; re~ 7 also ~ f ..? B;;r-YJ.Tel thcr represented an upwar<.l gro~ ~•°'& towards a black middlecl ass. ~· • a wo11lu I'ail to • uourish • unrest. '~ii:;tory ' s rou~·l1 j ustice J occ11r ortlered that the outbreak shoui...·/~ at the first serious effort ~ .!IP, ~ ......-t(uf · I: PP "17" uf8 ,, ~ ef'fec1t«ftll a chance in tlle wage-labour ~ t tern. '"'fr}/;- /ti U '- ,,ftl ~ · iiif,lit @i1/, 'vvc·r,"'~,( : for/~Mib wekks . ~1 e i'i1:ally f'lew out on the , " Jamaiqa Arrow '' , A- c} th. ~ .i'..e () ;.,--li..ll. r ~ ~ t!tJ..f>'/J6iJl,.c.- P/l/>t.l.) ,/;-1' Pan .American ~ r j;r;i u '- s~ ~- to "iami , enroute to the U . .tL :r.cina had t1 --j{{pX ihb a /d.,i,,y ~ t;_, le:ft on a sil-1ilar f'llgl t tl.LP, week before --- m9k.±ngxi:b.ix"(_tl e _ ecorcJ :o l>reaklne time of' J hour~ 20 1,ti11utes t o 'i1iami/ --- to be 011 l«,-ud i'or \ . ~ the o eninc- o.r ilf~r 1:te~J.p '&t:tPi; exhibit ion of' s culvture i11 E11glanc', It ftv/1..cv" intro, ,icing tl1e a:r tist, 'f'}tey was a g-reat success , witl ,,1 r11eh ',fal ole/s ~¥ ,b -:1.5 -M-te-0.r,; e1:t:t:H~-.,P""eh..- 1~( tur11cc' iu 'arcl . '\.~ 111onth late1 , Tate t Lyle , ·T11ey/t2e~1-+:PH ~ '&~ - H:t:Hcf- :t-H-~J..e-* a '&-ha~F-e .f- ;.;apeh. , the t,lant su0 ar \ indui:;trlalist:;; a d rnarh.eter::s of' Enclanci, entered the the old '-'harley estates Ja uaican s11t.,ar wi ti. tbe 1Jurchaseof'/:.a.tN..l.;i5'~ 31 at Ti'rmne iu "\T P ::; truorelaud. CIIAPTE • UWI L ibr ari es ! J .,, \ • .,,. '. ~ II rr·· - ~ •• c, rl fJ P-tti2 ,.. ""' r .~ aucJ the An uu u~ual fc. ,t , t , 1...rc a.,ou the 1,ari::,h o.f \ipstmoreland i::, ., ~ i,o 75' • of' the ln?L, l,c· l o\l one ll1ou~-'"'11, · f 'eet . _,.. ,'ell watereo ,. JY'-t. At 0 v<>ihi~t..L f:, /tu11 ~ L heav> . .fertilit :> , t ie .1.~ 1 a wa::. t',... c'io ·;c,, . A "' ... "" or Ta t e ,' L le , n~li'°' .u ten1ational 1 ,..- ,, I ::,u._.c1I ~ ) 011 , for locatl1 their ,.-~~ ,-/l,.,.J<:., / / ractory . In l'.;,J7 , tl c '"" ~_... ~m~t .:. u._,n r ~ -•w...1,...;..,.,~1111im~ 1 J l ..- - JO 1 t, l ➔ l c s ex tenslvel} , 1 o::; tly bankru.._> t L.. f'rom the u 1 l /c1 arl e t t \t. "T-a~c e::, a es , and ::;ettlnC •~Olvnro the ::,~ u r l,ecu 1inc; the JOtent !'actor ln • 1 1ba ud d ._,ricul turo , T ' ,e '' c e11t:ral " tl <-, Le a11 bt1i_l,'l., al '"' 1 .... 1 om,~ wo11 c' b e tlie lart,P~t '"'ar th~ " • . n ..; mos t modern sugar fact ory in the Brit i sh Caribbean territories . It wou l d r eplace the half a d ozen near d ecrepit mill s 1"mlB. scattered over t x Westmoreland savannah. There had never b een a s h ortage o f workers on these p l ains . Th e y ~ - ~ i n thous and s from the larg er t owns , Sav-la - mar, Grang e Hill , Li t tle London , Peterfield , from the numerous small settlers around and f rom t he mounta in districts of Darliston and Hanover . Hundreds of resident a.~xxi:x worker s/:rDJCy"'~ occupied the estates' "barracks II during t h e weeding , or ou t - o f - crop , s easo1_;,between April and December; but at harvest - time , a veritab le f lood o f wage- s eekers d esc end on t he «sxxx• factory c omp ound and the ripe cane f ields . .,.rao This , then ~ the o.f t-f-;... 1 771i rtief. = pa t t e rn~ t h e r egular work£orce of h oemen , s~a«•~tt.m spademe n , c a ne plant ers a nd s o on f unction a ll y ear, wh ile the reat reg i men ts C® march in a t cr op - time f or the two or three m n 1 when the mills roll . :--r:-' H oNl(y Tb"'KS ~ P1<.1vc ~,~ .S£tt..1A16'.t1tf .. 1<•Fl A-Ille:. ~vcm€,v, f~b ore d own n» on Wes t mor eland . The c l imat e f o r t r oubl e was neve r b ette r . UWI L ibr ari es 28 Nor were the chances for trouble lessened by the attitudes of the estate manag ement. It was the tradition on most sugar estates, and cer­ tainly in Westmoreland, that the mid dle m~nagement posts, field book-keepers overseers, office clerks, were filled by whites or mulattos; generally arro­ gant men who rode their mules and wore their o 1. tec:..!:> i11c i t i116 t.b lut-ky ones to s -'- 1orrnore./· • in vllver :\:ist , the C-€;pe1. s ,-. en• ai::;l,.ast. just rece tly employment Aft <.r all , / in a Fouse de ate 01../(.eRa=t conctit i o1 .. s at the .. e11tal !..ospital , only that i .. def co1 viction i gaule c! amv i 01 .. , • . • <.,- . Swi tL. , llau s:..o n a .. 1) ::;hip i n a i1 .. rowuil ) c o1 .. d1?n i116 the system which saw no h d- fe1uale n urse doillb" 2--5 o J5 c on::.ecut i ve 1ights dut y of' 1 2 Ii . .r, . 1~ours a nicht. I n f'act , one mem e , P'I_._.,.~,~.-."'..,~ Vernon 1'rom St : .. ~ry caugl~t had eve 1 !:>Ugg-es t e<.. that when a nurse llad to be f' i rec or bein .5/&1• .., nocc.ing any of' the J.5 nights , ti A .directo.1 of' .. e dica l Services ::;l1oult.! "holt, a l it le enquiry 1or t h e saKe of' what l call t:> ivin t.:: sa tis- ake place . " Vernor co elude -Jfd-a:;t- UWI L ibr ari es V ~ e olc'ramshackle wooucn in off its last crop. It stoo, :.,~ ?t. cut Ct:J , lovel •/.::,tone va11, often ~ ~ ~,c,t ,~ ,.G mill s in the west. ~• ayoi-.--' :Ii ' , ~ ct was u.::. e.tl as a kind of' brea.::, twork 1:i:tc.~k~ cover rrom the olice e-ei.s:;: .fire , .fltl___ /:four were killetl and 9 wounded by bullets ~ /\a ba onet 9h:a.ra:ses:;(, oo I _..<, /'_ 0 ilfC ,I ./ 11.IV"/ e - , . . . .e ,-,....,-;..'-'?~ . ~,{~ • , . . I t, ·IJ.:Sillf .,,_ •'), ~ -, .,JI .v.UP~ p~&f!1.,t. , f.t I'>\ IY'Kfl"-g ,r- : < OU 'a a • The crowd had b "' m c;ath .rine at 0a break/a.ft er/a.ae weel,.c.w.l or u1ouutinL tei1:->iou induc (..d as u1uch by a. I eal grievances the iu:u1m:ziaq:..ie1n~:mlaJUtt,:gl!l~cm. 3-e~:ttim te as a/rllm>- ral:lh little labour leader6 the events hatl throw.1.1 u on of izt:i;1i:i;=l;•a~o..= ::s: ;;::.t:-::1i.~!5=Q:b=e'¥•:a::J'=.Sia: ;: evf r .fa.l'u , there These were the years befo,e 1iot- The JOlice were/in force~ .~=ded=Ao~=~~~h=~:t~~=~~n~~~== ~a~o Co t, • ' civil JL,.turlances control wealJons , ~£ tea.i: .., a:::,;a:ra. G::ton=ba:ei.,:r; oi' the da were met with ;j.= t 1e customary :1ark Vll rifles anape.i:' accountb clain that at si..t ll, the norj:ting , there sere some three hundred !)eo )le on the Froi.1e co1t, ound , :::;i!},c;.i.ng atH.i li~tenine to ,;ptfw_,,,~~ f:jy /, 5 eeches from ;:iJ;:..i.. ..... -tt• o « • e(l 18 de b ((Facing them were about a hundred armecl police with a coupl e of Irish insp ectors in ciiarg-e. The violence began a t ei~ht o ' clock aS~ ~ ~1th an attacl on a ;; gai truck and a v i sit to the quarters o.f a c1rticulazj! J i ::;likecl e.,t~te o.fficial who , f'ortw1atel , ,vas not at home- A ru:::;if on thP, o1L' woode1. of'f lee building .:::,C11t the ma11a~·er , ewis A.Gant and hi~ ~ ta.ri' sc1.u-, yin ~ ~c..r:. into liiff3.n.;('Grant h l.ruself' bein(.;' :::;aved o y a a l(eld wo.1. ,er , i1:,.t ·us Jones , , ·ho upt il ted a tarrel over hi, ) . RX UWI L ibr ari es the poli c e opene ~ fire Soon after ten/Etftcf=iene =reliff:rnc =oP :followed Jl b y ~ ::;lw o tine , -----._ bay onet chare;e. St i cks and s tone::> being n o match fo:¢~ ~ ~ .... , the h e ir crowed ::ndf'tly 11el ted into the ad ·oinine canef' iel d::; , l eaving ~ Thr ee o licem~n ~ an.J wotm<.lE::u, Jrh • ~&&~•~~~:RR were hi t b y stones So the Fro~1e r i ot::; endec' , 1 ire-, OAt;=-i=~e• :i.v:.:i:~s except for the retaliatory canefiel d s j.b.btc b y :fl eeine; workers. The cai:;ual t iei:; inc luded six women and seven nen ,; ; ,f t ' f' -I"' u.r kill u.l , ?11e was ..-one: • ~ a wowan . 'a i:; ,·a J1ifl.S t,..v C/'1_, {14y 'JI/, /Jill /, l l'W'H-{ (),'t,i (>1IJ2TfN .J 1'/ 1 ftl f/fl186i-1 /11 ,1rJ0'1/1J. UWI L ibr ari es • I I AGE . J 1 S Jl PLD IENT -- 1 01.ti:"e:eeks {i t h i n days t her e we re troubles in a t _ _ ___ _ ......,.. and s p oradic 3:a:'t::le:1:u= o:Slabour were b r eaking on bana_L,, loadigg 1 orts . / p r o tests/~:e:lcc out j u mpily/:,.t: es t ates and/s•~=c:ntt:pGS~s;: Tl e c ity seemed qui 11 t , ..)U t only 011. t he surface . o f t h e l o c al p olic e To t he s t a t e ient 01' an 1!,nglish _r;o .l:;i;eo i n spector/ t h at Ki ngs t on wa:::. qui et , S t {il lia~ Gr ant ( by t h en ac:lcn bei n ..., r e_t>orted a s Al e x a n d er Bustamant e • s chief lieu t enant } r e t ort ed: 111" 0 sir , Kint;s ton i s n ot quiet ~ ' Cr the contra r y , t h e ci t y / a:=c:t= ~.b•= Gl'l'~:i.:e=;i;sl.a:=cl i s seet h ine t" The ~H£ ±~ent ~al: tramcar their semi - s k ill s "11t1:irJ::t==:eJ:!es=.t1:= mo tormen , i n:fl u en t ial bee aus e o f / ~h e:i.: =.:=3:=. . .i~n:1~ among i:J:l a l ar e l y l al>o uring PO?l:ll:ae•=e ~;;;m::U~ tJ!.a tr,2,d ewi tb;t .• e, '.!.) ::,wa ying , al'!::ss:=:i.s\ci:l;l;g: / people =c:o==~=~,e and the 0 l an'four O t bexz/ r ocke tin,., were ' driving- p l a t f orms , /about t o be ma d e obsolete with t heir ~~ ~g::;: s treetcar s . P l ans ba• we r e comp l e t ed f o r t he transport t ~keover by ;!lie Ken Hills ·#f'f _ mo t or- buss es and t h e car lines t orn u p . 1:;&J;;=.eil..l:~s/ Na tio I.u.l .t,eform was fi ghtin., t Le case for bet t er sev e r ance cond itions to t hem A::.socia tion/h =~ale~=u_p=~h•=e:.t;;:e 9.H ho ldine s tree t meetines 0 11 the Th e g overn1.1ent had begun to take a issue . / ;;==•= =s;;aj.%=~:,c=-=~•ps =h~ f ew small steps t owa r ds i mpr ov- i n"' bet~•~m5 ~~b~.sQcikcl:i.•:top s "b ~tePmc;/ur ban li:fe amonG' the poor , e . g . , roals a / a h ousine scl e, e ir fr<'ncl ... To wn, t hen an untra cked wild erness o f =l:el.':~;eg = c ac ti,/ i;=/ ¼a a:i;tos?goconut bou"'.1 h ut s. \ ....,ut t ho::. e three we ~ sv?:n ~ ~ 41{'7t ~ /---=:; uiown •0 ·---;-k..( ~ 1;-.~, . .'4:t. 1-v .?-= A.:, tu· ) 4.:;ytl 1', .a.,., 'k./ would be t h<> ~ A £..\; o l < J a;,aica . ;t; t 1~r-rt. f\ tl1e c..entre ~~a ~ n f!outego "'1c1y , /largest urbau/ec:,;~,=~i:t¥ in the west hal-<- of' the l!l. island , A .".; . S .Soombs was planning a hun ·er march. Coowus , tall , tough and dedicat ed leader , wa s the pioneer laLour leatler of: the ) colony ru.1<:4 l're &ident of the Jamaica WorLei s and Tradeslllen Un ion/ . .,.../ ay The/cl i na x , 1L.ich had been app r oach.hing :from Fro, 1e , comme. c e ... i n i , hi.11.;s ton anu . o.nte1..,o the i slanus t wo ma in 111111Jtoo■p:im11uiu11 en try ports/ :s:i;:t:;;g=i:.~ta ~ =~li.i;:d=weck Eay . S t e v e .lores in t he n ort.hsi d e t own s t r u ck on Sat uroay , ' ay 21 when lie hter men manning t he p ont oon s tak ing t.ugar casks to t ne oyal ? ain Lin e car g o shl p "Lonibara y " l ying in t he streaw , d emanuea a &.tdl- ( t e n cents) ( f ive ceh ts ) llng a hour/ i ns tead of the sixp ence/r a te . 'lhe s trike s hut down t he wa t e rfront , t h u s j o ini ng t he city _c>ort J en ,vho l1ad b e 0 un t ie i!roces s t''To ~ --=r,,-.-a.~ Aw, 19 .,.,p, "' tlt,...,J" ... ,,( °r/,Y 1f p11<~g" , v- } fri.. 'i~, b, ). u o -11~a.1'4 N't 'lt- UF4!rv4. ,i , 'fi.t.. ~ 11 1 _ • a • r + ., ,. - - C" .. , - v • ... ' e oanana UWI L ibr ari es I Ali-..'\3~ i UPPLBM1:;I'T -- 2 process on~.1.~iday i lay 19 wi t h a demand for 1/- an hour , up :from t he =•e:Ql:at:==~= ninepence , by 200 stevedores at t he l;;in:id:oet L ... 'Co ' s lll.tt :a;:£ pier. The l- 0 11pa11y coni'id eHtl y and pro11ptly 10ved the vessel next door where , ther tl:te=l;owe:,~ next to coal carriers , the a :few hund reds o:f hw1.;ry banana loaders/could be eJilpected t o reach lowest in the :for the ninepence 3=da:y rate. Patiently t he banana l oaders waited i'or water- :front ' s social the vessel to be moor ed , then shook t 1eir heads at the flabbert,asteu orde~ , Company officials. "I:f there had been no strikes , you woul d not have :»a wanted t o make us into stevedop es , 11 said a spokesman :for t he humble 1..ay ' s banana loader:; . It was t he/rin5 i ng declaration ; o£=tao=ciay=r a spontaneous i enti~Q~:fication o:f interests t hat :foretold t! e future . The Com_µany took the ship to Port Antonio , e i ghty miles round the coast , wher e , :for the moment , the o l d order still s t ood . ~ext day it was the turn of g iven the treat11ent the Banana Producer ' s " Jamaica Pla11ter 11 t o be/eo3f~Qt:e ci=b3f=tho by the longshoremen who now had their t ails up . Even while a ·estmoreland magistrate was handing out sti:f:f sentences to the Fro11e :fo l k for t he happening on the Tat e & Lyle's estates , the protests were s1reading into every par ish . In t ~~n, by the indomitable A . G.S ."1•' ther 11 Coombs , /500 worker::; were de.:1onstrati.n._, a ~ains t tLe JULlic works devar t me11t and parish counc il ' s /,,. .f'f Ct.fl, N J"'- , t,.. ·111 •/4#.fJ., c. l~t .. l /t,6c&-r Ii Al/.!., IA/A -I' the/3.e=al:=f:!e"\te::J;!~-;;e:ct employment conditions . 11 1 ingston street <>weepers :.,•f•' /,, ­..,,~ fo downed their brooms in their headquart ers at the o l ct Cart stables and ~ d emanded "at least JO/ a week and the removal of' ~ast lndian foremen ,"~ had a virt'-4?1 X curiously a field in which Jamaicans of' Indian extraction lr::c:t'!e=eo~• s:i;de:t"?ei;;i:=e;;;eo¼l: 1ono,,oly . de;.:;;3l!td:= weekend became 'fhe/~:id:;t e,c:pl:o::i.QE=J;!ea3dry: hectic on t he Sunday (i.ay 22) when at all day seosions on the waterfront , Eus t a1 .ante and :::,t filliam Grant made marathon speeches for uni t y , end i ng the day wi t h their i.1ass ,1eetinc- • r~gular Sunday / sessi;c:uu;= in t he Kings t on race course. 'he result of' t he day's activities was a complet e shutd o.a. :..,====.== on t he p iers and a readying of the scene for t he next two power.ful l..ays..( which would ~Se=\:tao;e =~oiumep~~a: urint, te=a=£'tll: the city's e~~ne commercial l ife to a ~ halt . UWI L ibr ari es ' ' .1. AG-~ Jl SUPPLE.1ENT -- J ~ .::arly on Monday morning , 1 ay 2J , all swi.ftly moving 1,ml t i t ude of.' work.inc people surged thhough }arbour :s t reet,~ Kiue; street and the other mai n downtown thorough:fares , overt urui ng garbage can::, , Chine::se closing down the early opening/corner groceries , co andeering street car::s , whippinc- strikeh ~aak:~i:te; breakers on t he piers and / .to ;-,"'!I bmzm ::shutters of those 11.ftr"."'t .rool hardy enough their stores . " ¢ > h~wJ i He, do Ii the/s:inttt:~s:=o.f:=,c:iJ~~ . , •• =£ast=a• to have opened / 1' Local police and the E nelish reeiment on ::stat i on were put on p atrol _,,. b ut not before the c i ty wag closed . Fire-en , tramwayme. , sanitation made t.1cir strikes o:ff'icial , .;y lemands~ vorkers , all/~a~~~PeEl:=oE£ ~eia : =s~r-i~•s=~¥ - =c~~a ~ ~~c :for better wage (some streetcar conductors were paid about five cents an hour , brigade,nen f'ro11 about .,2 . 80 a week) . . ,i:flemen, of' course , had no p l ace in r i ot control , ;he =~i£:••3~~ecl=£o:ee~=wc:•~=o£=e~~~sey especially V' ( ,,. J f,1 when /)1 no explosi ve , e· pons , , 10s tly * T .,,~~ r ; DACK pieces of' pipine and the ubiquitous coco- accc> stick . /;,;,et'ore the d ay the rioters w~~~ themselves ha was out , pol ice ri:fl e - f'i r e had killed i r::; ::,zrran rhomas , c harmles:::, -> lOJ cane if- ... ell er and her small son , Stanley , attheir eate/iN ? atthews arn.l , ounded ano t her 9 - year- old so~ enry; Lru.e,( . r~ J<-ickson 01· 1J7 rinces!> Street l ooked t hrough her uupper:floor window aud received a . JOJ bullet in her bac..k . .::iome t i me in that foreuoon too , hhistory 111ade a punctuation in tle Ja3aica story . lexander usta -t< ~, .,. .. , ~d. < .('rJr:,f;,-._ ~ ./i_ .J)c!}- - .a/ IJ'>\ ft.tr; klls"f t. mant e and St w,lilliam {.}rant , arlrlre !!! ...., iue t he strikinb f i remen at the t ,,.«,(,v main i'irehouse i.n 12.v ttan ? trewt nw' r ,,t:o the Central pol ice s t at ion , v/4~ At.(Jl 14> ~ btf t,. ~,. .. p ~rl hwafutl ~,() ~ w~ it•'-'~ ~ l'\ • . ... f'or 11aisorderly conduct ." / ~ -a.~, G,0'6,<"t ~~e~4Uh;.,,pft.t ~ . turnint, dna, anley , knowine exactly the way :1er : usba11 ' s mind w.as/ t-aP~ ¢ -,: ever more strongly to the per sonal ., ,. cove .1~ .. e ha made many years be:forc , i ns t an t ly sensed that his place UWI L ibr ari es A discreet ~ i•} iZa,_:) a'.ph i n one newspaper care.full y refraining .fr om a n y s trong c ri t i c i sms 0€ the author i ties had obser ved that " •• • as a 1eans of' dispelling poss i b l y riotous a::;sembltes . . . i t tlmill!ffiXlB.rtui..mruan.!i:m.nm.u hnem X!.u,' .. .tiJ..i:l certa i n l y i s a tre1,1endous p i ty that this i1u1oc uou s y e t e.f.fe ctive weapon ( tea r gas ) ha::; · not y et been int r oduced i n t o NJ::inra3.:.c.h1 M .• :-... :a"M M a!fi:UH1.MM J auaica ." l. ,l Li J. l, H• !lm- Gleaner Tuedday May 2 4 . . ·, ~· .... ~ *** The most emj_ncnt nd ~ou~Lt .., rt. r 1,;:irrister ou. tl e lsl ant..l , weal thy Wi:c.co \\Oul ' ha, e n1c•.de ::.ure tu .. ~et tL.(• Le::; t le0 al b -·ai us to protect its . ...... t ii~ th {'i<:;astcr. It a_ ot a ... r- .JI al ..'.l.i.:i !;1)~ .... eT;:"IU)")i:ili:N:llf !t!11l!t"'1IDii;l;1;.s~.:f1il~?!i'-=:::lJY:MlTI-:.. IDe .i.ncli1 • .d j 11 i'or ·anle.: ',.,.+- c:.. C:ue to lds iuLeerlLy a lawyer. own • ./1 ,.•..tt!':ie wi tll t; 1., 1·wrkers. ~·1 l;' in c1 :few , lJe wo1. l be .. 1 ic l .., > ..:..i10 :Y tlla t " fo;i . .i: ear~ , , e have bee u • c.1 ·1cc:1. ti1~~ our f)eople a.nll \ii~ 1 "ve Le<~n I c1kL1~ t: .. e1 c.ol __ e,iuus of tLe.:..:r .. owers b.c.l tlJeir 1 i L,ht;::,. Tt i::, lli, .. ..l ti.i e l~ it \vas reali:::.ed l.lmt , e 11ave ...,ot to wuke a dte1; ,:: l.'\.<.ald a11<1 or...,ani::;e and train the 1eo ,le so that the} cai irv1Je:t J .1 use tlleiY IJO\ e;i .for le..., i ti 1ate ends . 1·0 1> Ol,r :::::-:::. , will ever c t,t. 1 f LI!til this en, is rec.;o ....,H.ized allcl 1.ie t. 11 X GL:,ur ..... ,Z 25/5/38 ut i!_ t!!o l !:; ut.i.ru~ Gee, ...., ina courtroom that 11or11 l11,::, 011 : ,.Jl,, , i 1 s G:i: eat '} orge ~tre1: L, he wa::; all advocate , d ui L.i.0 the 01.1 1.:.._ <:,<.H.1.cation and t .:!. i n i u b had 11ade hir1 so ~ki 1 lcd i1. · @was care:ful to e,_lain lli::. nu:i to tne Co1.wli::sslon . I rec..,ui c· Ly L; t. , Le woulu as:::.i::,t 11 in brin_;i n b f'act~ 11 'e.fo ... e then. Le 1 a.ic. uvt de.~ire to interf'ere unduly or to .::,1-.. to lie al lowec.1 to inter.fer<, iL...:!Ul). Anythinl> I do will be with t "" view or u i vln,::, tl1e .fullt:::st assistance for the fullest e1ll .d ... ) to be madE' f'ro .. 1 .over Lou . ' :::. poir ... t o.f v i ew . 11 ~ut 11ot ever bo(l) T C'CI' : :I:TLV TO his place at the e n quiry . .Alne ... d there we r e <.l c. tr a c t ors a t work 1d::u:ilmp e n::nnm1JJilhmil.t11h e 1.L11mm.n :riuu\ahmnmw .. rnfa:,in..., Li. f'or rrmnrtmm~ rbJllmma m a "bit:,· uus i n e ~s 11 1,an. ~ ~ ti ~ ~ frwa__ k.. k ,'~t"'M, [~"'" ~I~ .1,£ • UWI L ibr ari es sf She sent h i m a wire. laconically b r ushe in . ' ' was i n t he city . /,vith her usual lucid ity, she/e:xpil.a.:i.n~d the p icture . All hell , she explai11ed , has broken l oose . !:?ey;dib: = E!'lfe:a!'.'1.1-a,;.i.u 1 •d__, ... ._ •• ~b , sn J ··anley ~ust have been cons e, ious of the cor pany he 1-.. e.L>t .£eF=e~ He was 1/(iTt/J ~ep~a=~=~~atT=a¼~~at. l!!J!I> .:, + {i llia Grant , obviously so much a rnan of the people , nor .flamboyd- hustamante , very much in spite of' h is CAucasian appearance , a son of the ant,el of soil. =g If his/destiny was moving h i 1 towards the ,olitical leadership ...ftc .. "✓,Jy bi:r o:f h i s country, that R rat, a tic guide was us i n 5 the available help . Kt l1t"! In t;;a:t=Ea:t~#h;;¼=we:ek::;: tho se fateful t wo days , '3urns ;;iu-1il.ey:w:i;t.~ Bustamante ' s companion 1as s t Willia1,1 Grant , a unmistaheably black and already a veteran street corner battler f'or black rights ; .1anley wal ked with Morais and Dacosta , both white or ably "passing ." .oreover, L . S .l;l:Fi:t~ ('~peedy) .uurns , a rising younb Journ li::;t wai;; writing oi' "A Soviet Jamaica " and 01· "a e o , 1unist group II waiting to "make 1940 a peak year . 11 ( ti-leaner St r,ay 21). Under the same i!!ateline was relating a belief that a 1onilego Bay reporter spek•=oi= 11Co . .1,mnists froi l,Uttba were responsible for the recent Frome riot!( a11d other 1Jresent strikes in the island;" Cuba , JltJ:IUl where Bus t amante was f'resh :foo.i ; a little ones . To th.en , detail not calculated to rest lightly wi t h the E:::.tablishn1en t /p•~ .anley would seem ~i:=Wolal:~=~ake a saf'er r epository for wha tever ::;mall degr ee of leader- allow to percolate l lYlfo.t.U,~ ship they woul<. / .1;et=i=;;;u;,s: ,.~ through to 11 t .L.e people . 11 tJ~ e1,,0, ~ t,Jt!/,;,fht.< tr Flankec by ~~e his tw~6 01:1pani ons anc. /:/ti, i,,.wl,.ul.. a, pµf r oving squads of peop "- ran a block and disappeared ,~~J!=wa::=i.,t;=a= ;Mt.1' ,,r,11 ~orld 111'-e a place of A leacheu twilight. Its state was ~ 1'{,,.J;.,;· m.rtlartoo /described by the J amaica S tandar d :B "Somet h i ng i n the natur e of' a eener al s trike has been declared in 1,ingston. Some t hine- i n t he nature of' martial law prev a ils .X"X~~+ e-s-.+ The paper went on to s ay : 11J:t\."r the mos t part, t he btrikers a r e ill-informed , lacking in leader.ship and in man y cases , 1-cnow not what t hey want. 11 so , also , were the empl oyers and the government . Lacking in e l ected leadership , t he central gover nment had to look to t he Mayo1 (then ~r O . E .~~erson , a uener a l pr&ctioner from ~ross ~ ~ ~ :r..o~c. & ) an i ~ dt,i1.i"t(. ,N,~ ~~ ~ 4_ M«/, J1-hl .'L Opin,~ ,u~ ~ J'~~7 /}y'7 3 111q,;_p [ ,L.._._.,, e,_.k-,1 .• ·'{,/1-c.1i:"J.,,, ~k<,_. , , hk J1 c- lbti~l.[-fa:J.1d-{olr,o/.,, A/h;,_('.yvY) »:~, ;.,/t, f<.. w , 1-(.., T HI.I- ·- cou:uncil to .1:rovicJe liaso.u. wi ti~ tl e ~)cop l e . x . .. ea1 w .. i l e for UWI L ibr ari es ) the employers, l,'F<.,o ' s actine manaeer C .. l . lli:slop wa::; moanil1G : "We ,i,) t never had a deputa tiOl.L from o u r workers at all. If we had we/~X1$) .. ~ l ave have been able to consider their case. }'_;vcn now , should we receive such a deputation , we might give the matter some consiL.l eration . 11 ration .•.it,h t ha ieen able to an( Mi 4ht 5ive ~he matter some cons i der :11.aion ....;ven now the ii.. truth of' it haant hit t.hem , that the worKini:; people l c ,' eclareL.l agains t - -=~c: =~eel."~:l:.tie the old w1.ilaterals in labour-employer relation:s . 11anley"perambulated" to the :fire brig"'l.!e station where he \ Proprietors iu the met Audlfy ,[orais and Vc.Co:st1 .bmrthrmumn wood- &-brick city of the were particularly conc e rned with the brigade stri ke . Neither/especially cla::-s, trusted,(nor possessine the chari:sma that -would de:nand a hearine , they saw the god:se11d in r.anley . "flley insi ted that I break up the strike , '' says ,laHley . Au .:.c _ ' !orail::i was a weal' · ., .cace track <. f .J ,,... ... 1' ,-, r, ,. . ,l,1:1 ,v~.::, a merchant. ~ UWI L ibr ari es I ' 37 several l .it,htnl 11g were for whol ses a l e 1aili t ary l n t erve11tio..t1 to b 1:'eal,._ ~h c / m.alIIIil.ruruB / • b i n-- 8 12 r .--!!l••r•r J , 111011 d elir i ous l now- 2£ 0 0 • mm1nmm ,·g ed/t o the :::., t r ikes x/ rutn-anbimiJm-grupl mp11u]10milil}llUO llWlUl!elillnrb.mi 1D1.ag.run1i.1m fJ e g i<1ea J J dollar- a - d a y . "Cha r l ie o 1r1.:,on ~~ c::a~;;~~=:;.c;.te a t h at happ i nes s was a i t f'orce ' n ',ianley has wrl t ten . was a tower of' strenzth a~a ns .sxN :::;ees ever "He M'~ that a ll wage i:; must g o up . He sees very f'a :r " But/scrnp ulousili91 if' s a rdoni c , h he sees and is £{lcharu. 1 writer an.::, It!· -..J ~ (I, Jugh § ct) 'O .- ~ 0 E • tr p.) ~ h (") ..... 0 c+ ~ 0 ........ I-' ~ > r:J' CD '<' ... _. .- tJ" (") 1--j '-.... (1) p.) a, .. (J) ~ Ii ! C ~ (t ::J° Ii E CJ: J::' .~ . ...._ .ru It .D II C1...PY f).l(J>~/1/4 'Lilhf f 3 7 An endorsement by Ken T_ill I s 1.ational .. te f'orw Association somewhat eased the I a .i • "The 1 • .A is resolved t✓cooperate with ?- r Manley in his efforts and ma\.es an ap!'eal t✓one and all concerne d t o free their tnin of' any doubt ," s ta:fec ... ill. 11 'he NIU. i :::; s .o convinced o"' Jt r • dey 1 s s dtncerl.-fy ~ a. honesty ... that it:::; ( roposal) to the c c'c worker { to form ) a ret,istered trade union wit: .1 r Bus ta ... 1 te as res i dent wao v-a lcula ted to stren,zthen r. anle sin the negotiations with the shippi.ng comp anies .JC T' e ide trade union for loneshore er is not new . • r anley ~1.- r (;a L.ave themselves 1;u:hrzx.ee1xt:t:.t1 :Jl. (so) advisE 0 ded Hill : ",..r •• anl y is rming no new or0anisation; only seekine a .c> ooli.n0 o..._ a:1:i: th resourc s of' all exis tin bodies . .ue en Joy.,, a a unique positio in this i a11C:. l e is trusted by Ca~italana can be trusted by labour as wel I e~ ::;- (1) :::: I-' Q (T ;::; c+ c-, .... p.) n-Ii • I-' Ii Ii (1) .... -. - ~ct) p.) tJ"C O< (1) Ii 0 Ill I., ::.. ~ Ci p.) '<: '( 'O ... ~ <., 0 p. I-' (t (I: ::-- ::, (1) .... ~ 0 I-'· ct) C!- Ii ~ p.) a, PJ H:, ::s ~ .frie < CJ) C :Jfl I-' ~ 0 c+ ~ Ii (1) (1) --( l a :::;hint, h i s - (1) (1) (I, "d Ii Ii >< (1) p.) ::; '< er' !ll C H:, c+ (!.) c+ Ii 'O (") I-'· (1) p.) ct) 2 C !ll CD I-'· ct> r.:, Ii 0. C p.) (1) !ll 'O c+ I-'· tll (") ::i I-'• 'tE:form A5 ::.oclat t 0 ... ..... ::, (I) ;::. 0 c.. I-' II) ~ :=i ,... u. ... (1) (1) I ct) p.) f--' (T c+ c+ n- a, ~ >-'· (t ~ se l f' hotl .1 a a i n 0.. Ii I '-< ~~p~; I-'· ::, l a,mtint, at Deu.h !-1 I l ~ , - I-' ston ,-., ill bur It t:.. ~ (1) ; ..... UWI L ibr ari es } ) } (r/-.A .St..i) ,'c,'4- e{ 4 1,,.d.. -{f1il"-,l,I, IV 11.u!., --,.111., "'W'f"~/ '-1. BA..-h. P AGE OF J7 ,--, rn ierl'bJ..11')..,f,{q_~ ~,,,..;,,~ /4,~ AAd'lfl~y ''-fi:. //1 1y11.;,Jd/,a,.,,c wi fl ;,;,, 1 ~/,ia if ~ i:, ~r) ~ ~ -P~ .: ,,..__ Gt:!:(: " · (..I.,'..,," (J.i. ~ ~II % n,.',,L t:Jr4vt:IA/. CilEnoe. 1- /J/ Tbe Tl .. u r sday n or n :1.1 L ee :i.n0 • 1 ov e r 2000 wa t erf'r out '3f W · ..t1o. . ~ !il liams , a ael e"->a -c e l. t..1. ... t- 1. ~ s worker s and \:~ ji,(j_ a mixed success . :r:utn-1 ..,ana/ ( anc , curious l y , t he b ,,.,,.Q., i rector o f' ..1. ublic o/or .s) j o i ned hin on t he coal car from whi ch he spok~ , oo and declamat ions \ a t t he o 1 pier . he/mmfui:Dg rtmnm of t he men 1ade it clear lllitJ lll~NMbllll! ill!f.tl . 1l:00Wf Jffi that /.tnHanirts ·t IDOrtiIIDi! .. tll regardless of t he c o ~cessions of'f'ered them , breaking t he strike there would be no/ltl2%HXl'i until Bus t mante an vrand were a free . They would accept/.-btm shil l i n - a - hour settlement ouble for ) ulus the freeing o f' t heir two l eaders . . anl ey a: in t urn made s t ting up hi self as c lear t11a t he was n t/c mcrnpdog <' arded a l abour l e a d er. 11 • •• 'rhe people whom ye t../~d a s your leaders had t h e mi s - :fortune to be arrested and p ut i n j a il , " ne tol them. "They are s til l i n jail. In that sit uat ion I fel t t h at s omebody who had the cause of the peopl e a t h eart f.il should come :fo~ward . . . and l et y o u real ise that there were i.ntellie;ent peop l e i n t he count ry t hat sympat hize with y our p osition and were prepared t o put fo rwa r d your case and t o s eak on your behal f' . " I am not a l abour leader . I am a l awyer amd my work is in t he court s where I wor for anyone who esires my ::, e rviccs t o the best o:f my abil i jfy . .. {hen t he t ime comes that organi sat ions are to be f.'orI!led by labourers t o protect t hems e l ves and t heir riuht s , I do not say that it will be pos ::, ible for me t o :form t hese oreani so.t i ons , but I am prepared t o giv e my services :fre e . orki 11g p eopl e are en t itled t o )----uJ:-,·c-t·--t ·h:e ·i ·r ······o ·,-,:1:·1······r-e1:>F·B·e.-·8-l-.-t:..t.i :v:.cs to lea a t hen .. . 11e11 ho mow t hei r ) ) -~ ~cJ:r ? I ~ y~~-'~fnLm,... C ).-- ,,, ,!#'~ ~~rv'7/' __:../\sf'3 ................... .,.N lli!•oUOJ 91ft pae ..... lflff JO 9"'P I ' UWI L ibr ari es .I B 17 *--B c onditions ... their grievances t hey can trust . 11 en whom they can cet , 1 en ,how out set . So he l!laa e ehma p establi.::,hed his role at the/p.n1liSJ8.dl: He would advi e , not l ead . le was fillin n b r each , waitine :for tle release of Bustamante , a mat ter that was in the "hands of' a very creat lawyer and sit prove , mlrurutl very creat worker for the peoplt- , 11 J . •.. ,. mith . /Blbil!ic2ID:i.t.1btl . ~ ia.t )i brea' on a the Smith rescvP-/c . .cr11 was t o / :R0n ru1~ a stubborn Supreme Court s t ttin0 a l l day / and nlfru:.~ they would onl y be free qui et work fl t af t e.r some :fas t/bE:1n mnQmm11 Ki ng ' s Obser vinu that he had been approached L) stri kers ' represent ative s ._rho were on the negot iat e with.,. 1-~ 4J.l'll:I t 11e -.,hippers , he ':o l atf'onn besi~e h i m, /lia (f-(yl""J ~~lwu ~ 1u11lltl0a uQJrt,.m re_port ed t he resul ts:- t wopence A. ~vvt-f'-1 ' I,' .u... moi;-e to make the rate::> elevenpence an hour . If-Lt f/\-1 ~4-1> f~t,~ ~ tt, ~ It wa::, rejected out o:f hand . ~,, .. b'J' · 1 ~~ ,r'Or an hour , he r e asoned i'ro. the coal car , remindine- ther.i that 1 pol;-f'l11J ·my incr ease«. they receiv ed would be pai :for by Jamaican ro ucrs . :."it ~>l;\~"p<>J" I i-t'4 .,...-t' " .v( '1~ 1~ liM- will be your own people who will have to b • c o11sidered as well as yourselves . 11 ( GLBA!'EH. Fl.I DA.[ ,AY 27) He pointd out tl at 1 o ~ of" t 11e earlier 11ueeotiators II ha ~~ {IJ../ .Zr..,<-".._ been able to . e 1reA " one .fartlli ./~ """'- •· and t hat "at any rate , 1;hi::, e thC'y wcr tol u that no t only had the two _,i illings is~~ / ':.'nb • N:N,t ln:L1;.IJJ1 K ~u--:P ia.r 11.a . •~.13 .elf I£ JJ. . w 'Nlla.11.tl an hour overti e demand been t urned own , but that nothi11 woult be p l anks ft ad cd to the present l/4 and 1/6 , t he/ol d :fi n~er- ·Jetty .fairly shook ith t heir hurt roar . It took a fir , c..isci_pli.ned re::.ol ve to face t hem with t he facts o.f negot i at i on : "Bar ai1 i u '-' i s a w.ord that you will hear more and more i.i-i J a maica 1!1-lluH N? ,tlf.J.}{o Oili:rie.M f'ro • now onwards ·1L. :lilt !!;{ • , JI' when t he l abouring :,eopl c are striking- for bete er coneitions. You canno t s trik e and s tick out .forever qn one p rice . .1.bere ._is, 10:i:::e t an one thi ne to consicE>r. 11hen t h e p rice of" f ood is goin~ t o beco1 e more expensiv e . .. d ock l abour goes up , 1u:liu .Jr.i.01 l t-uli:it~ • x, • -:nou' uc QQair... 1te-J1 Blftl):m..a1i.v-an.n.uJ.O t her e arc any imn.f:mma peopl e worl,.ing 1 0 h our::. a day i n .factories for ten shilli.ncs a weel<. . n I UWI L ibr ari es ,. , i / ' ;( ~J.<- fF'Z) ~vl j t,,,,, ~ P 4, -,t. v,lA,,,;il ~ ~- ~ ~L/Y'v AvJ\. Os' PAGE 37 •. . c ~/.e-.__,u~ ,_,,,._y;(· (..u,g~ ( ' h and llne to _ . {n;;( ~ _rf~ It toe '" a, roi t / mmommmnt k eep t he bie crowd in t h e f'ra.1 ,e of' !2?zat... lilllnmrufinrtun.e , l.A/4, r.iircl t G't wou.l .... leave t h e way open for still ~or e t al..i. .:Xi\i.,...tt. .. Out .,-,~ll,t ,~~,c. ~r-1-? ~ --------------.:-v~w--3~ 1 .~u..ill.lll.i:;IU.U,, iect i n ..., ea. e one of' th.e wor kinor1 e1. wlo woul 1,a"\-e ~ 1,µt,..f ~ '? . I <' (j4_ D:.tµnmiJdr:rli ir f lue n ce 0 11 the l abou:ive1~e1~-t'# , . 1. a tall , powe rfully built b l acl~ man • c-1e stronu ~ersonali ty anu b i g , -¥:~A i mpassj oneu v o ice ~ llOOn :li , .e.ce ul a c~uie J;:i;Ci?i!iES. • * At t . . e eu, 0.1 ?l :;j.- *Dux in>-1 M-;.e wax, L.e cou;_, Iii terned with .JUs tafriante , 1 e n 6, Nnr., &p e:elff'Di~~ imw:s:w ~ W-lJW!i::1-.UUHilffilfflHfflli}jURµ IBBBW'l:\i.latlfil/~i;'::3WBUEiili 7ranl~ JYill pu t in :S a FE'&'tl ~ c'""lt-.J...o • ~ s~)eech for sol i darity i n their demands , he r a i set t he 111.n.e sinel e i-1- 6- 01" ~ s one whi ch auo v _ al l ~ se , coul d be c ount e a upon t o l o l d e sm.nri.n~ s ~ ~ t.f as a b uttress a e ains t Bustamante whom tbey reearded as a dang erous .fellow. ~anley , JY his lif'e- style and acco )lishment s , as _ ~ . en abourers cco ~ .. • 11 _r , anley is not the in<.1iv1 lual to shir .. ..: u.l.S it. o i ...... i t y because he hap pens to be cow sel .::o a shiv J l1.., co .... ny , or that he is org aniser and chair.nano Ja 1aica lel:Iare :;,.,t , to which the United Ftilli::Jt .Cli 1all and to.ml.a.ct i "'rui t ~o ,alies contrib ute money to ~u-t· er t h e object of an orua­ ni a tionwhir ~ l as entered upon 1 t s prog ra!111;1 e ~ Ul.J'b.n ma to a s sist ir (r~ral improvement). Citi zets 1i~ LJ ~atiiotic servicb tr .. , -,c nd self interest ... /J.f,, tJ.-.1.R-. e,~f- 4~~ ~~?.t,..,...ei.rt't that negotiatiu.s whicl~ . ~ ~ le) i conducti bet een strikers and s h ip ing men will result in a complete understanding bet ween the parties . 11 £' r- - ~a t e.iv ~1y Cu~-e1vrt · ve 1S t 'l dJl te 1 l'.) ,, ., . i.l1 the ,1urd_, ...... <- ., / :;Leannr column · -.,.: 1 "' • • er '::hn.J, 1"1 , ~y ?G). "A ;,v a1 ' ~ :: J 1 en t - i ) ''/ was a " local J nuou~ leader wlio l1as 1 --,,e J. v,.., .f • , bl • t u.,) ~Jl ...., ,., l or I l (j 0. C l.l O l a 1 a the ::res t, l t o f i 1 1 - ...clv j,:::, c ' . . lav e bccna the kiss of' 4 o l itic., !'o • anl c , it ~111.!cial. u; ture. 11 / :i:~ c oul ic 1.t i ~., tl .. c. ea t i1 . Yow surel cl l d he nm:u,4, oti.;.o-0 rt:uruu I'airl cloKcl ., , in tl e conte. t or the Tl e of' l UWI L ibr ari es 39 t l10. yrnn.:ns, tim, was that lP.ad0rshi.P , in had a 1acial education and "11 l s e t·raan.lnnilialrmu imtniut.a wa::; .:1f'ud<•' 1:- • a "· ',ite "X Ja t riat e . ""''-' ,va:,; tjmhmruim.;nb.mnh&"l,{nmn.di1millflti:m ..., 1 n ck f' a c es 111Jpr ''mti'.J - •i; i'M.~a~;IDilC:l!fl]tlID:f" ... .ilrt:t:rlf~~ Jolj tic~ , commerce , t 1 ~e churcL , -:.;ias:, . re] i __, io ,s Ev ry 1a jo r/cem~1ination c.. iv il s e z·vic e;;. hoetl fl.iLn;nji.Qaw the /Mn n:ll1.11Dnoii:1 .:lrl..Enmltui.n~ . wex e very very e c l d on seer &~ oi'.fices a.ml stores , ana uever I ever i n Lank~. !To lilack reacl1ed o.ff'ic er i, 1 I :t t." ~1 t.. IllIIO@IDJeaus So c i al c.la::.::; lu ti1e 1Jol i ce .force,f-m.n. • ·" ~./ :tlotiJun.ner pro'-'ress .J '' . LJJr· ·o ~ illan .. 1p.•:mIJtloo n -rv-- nien11 was pmaed1iniloo Tfl..C 'lillIDB. chil <..:>.'er1 of' the ,,. ,;u;;s pooj,,J..e mEua :fi.mnwnmnl encom.1;a bsec.1 b a RrtJ • set ~u:r.r ..-" the 14 e lec ted o n/rules"~ under::;tooo b everyi>ouy i ncl u,~- of' anl ey and Bustamant e . ,. anley Over 2 , 000 were there wheH/xe ount ed the now familiar raih,ay peculiar coal ~ar which he had 1 ,ad e his owu/µilca±ll! .forum , appropria "tc to the incomine inL us try/union ..,te. s «mmi ng :r;.m~1h1, x::i.a:l :1::age at,e as t he quiet redbri ck/:s.tei:!B 01' c o.1:~e llf r~ fen ~~e o the lei!-)urely intellectual 11 zA.t:.R11J: :z1 1.., 2 .t->el/~r:u1ztr.ax xl:2.:i~1uce b xa:l:a0ziaa J's exercises of' the old t i me political phi losopher s . Ross Livingston , Bus t amru1te 1 s solicitor f'irst read the letter f'rom the National RLform Association whi ch had been approved i'rom pri:son by the .labour leader . . The lett er sueeested " that the dockmen should form t hemsel ves i nto a trade union and place . r ...,u::;tamant e as president . In t his way there , 1ill be a legally organised body ready and able to neeotiate witl wharf owners , shippi ng companies and eovernmer t. 11 The document , dra wn XI up b) . .A ,.)resident Noe l ~ ethersole by and general ::,;ecre t ary Jen Hill was a part or the s t rateuy/whlch give us t amant e •~K w0121l.0 they hoped to/~e:t/zpeea.a t s :ta :it,us vali d ity a::; a l eader a11d obtain consequent /careful treatment by the courts . The eovenl.I:lent would be less l i kely to throw away the key t o l i s cell ty a mass i ve sedition :sentence . At the meeting , }njMf /e'( ~.0.RZ 0~1<1m8RZ X~X6XZB~¥ZI ZXµ e x p xaXl'l.R0X0~Z~aR1Eyx a %~ Xim x a:i.sa o. c meB:t±~~XXB/ x~0ke as ~a ~ l aw~szz azd f i rml y refu t ed any su~ge::; tion/:tha% x xrax lue /per:rnnal interes t ~ in o:ff'i ce/ . " I UJI1 not "'o i ne in f or p o l i - ( ::;o) tics , 11 he snii.; . 11 I have no time f or pol i tic"!\ I 1.ope there will l, e no j eal oui) or s uspic i on in this c a u se . 11 Buchanan 1- e ::,howed t hem the w1 ergrow.td pamphl e t which/had M10CK circulated t h e d a y bei'or e : I {OJ. .er ~ o I o t t r .J.!') t a ul e an (.,.. P ­ are the tool; of' cc1 d t a lis t s . .J 1.!,upor t us trunan t e anu tleir di:;,approval ~x~~XEKZXfiXl NiXi Ur 1 ·f\ t he liXZ~~::t:1 1.,.. amphlet anl e)' made hi.:; first public ::, b atement on t. ' e i - f c· .;i.t, lis t s :spectre with which his detractor::, were ' '.>I~ t i11UiJ t O 3 .ll t 1 i I , > UWI L ibr ari es " C " co,. Y AT PAGE 40 *** . o 2 XE! " It is perfectly t rue that as a lawyer I represen t a t,rra at r ~,t·· ,·f,.1 nwnber o.f companies, 1but I do not repres ent 11ore companies t han I ~ ~ /Te appl ieu h is kE.aEk r epre::;ent poor peopl e in our law courts . ..,.: ny • '.\lµ{~a ~Ka?J.psXE.8~»ax21. lawyer ' s knack of !:~:=•~c!:i;~3 x :t.I.ii~f! t he pros ecu- ~~ ¼~~~*~a x«a:t.±B~in~/ :t..la.B.z ~eR~x~nix0E£xsxz x 0xzkinl¥~:l:Rx¥ by po.-,,,.-,...,., 'r xhlUCRM tion' s ca:::.e to h i s own advant age :-.il!!::!?'¥1 1 ~ out that ...i!lli:::!::~ tt_..,- £: Mn" J is close acquaint ance wi t h big bus iness ~ ., J/JfJ go anu speak . on your behal f' to men who will t rust me to put your cau:::. e I'a irly . 11 Xill.XRZ ~ailxµ , anley ' s speech t hat morning to the assembled dockers x ±.s: liJU.!l'lll ha:::; been c red it ed with being the clearest ex_µosi tion up to t hen of' a trade union . It was simJly, deliberat e l y repcitttus urt,ent. ie s.1o·e without a on cert ain i s:::;ues , per:::;uasivc an, / laxlt,UH!lY~ )C micro -:- .JUt his voice --t, ·l ,.-y but/:tiu!lxtl.Rs:ex.x.x.n ca ·rie :l wel l over yard o~ t arre~ z.nut the erea t:¥XJ.:t:il:X/ w»xks. ar4d e1 ,pty rail car"' , stilled now by the ~ell'eral strike. 11:tany peopl ~ have a"'ked me whetl.er they must put their ::; i gnature tures on a piece o:f paperthat i::; be i ng circulated f'or the formation of a Union . My advice to you , is : sien it . Becau:::; e by aoing ::;o , you are only promisine to Join a union. ( tus t select) "If' you a1:.,ree to joiu , you 1-...i.llA~.J~~* me11 to repreoent each wharf aHd give t hem power to get a::;si::;tance in such 11atters as draw i n g up of' a ..., 01 b ti t t ion anu f'or at ion o.f an executive , , w wlla t subscriptions , benefit sclienes etc will be arrangec.t by the N un i on) and how it will assist you i n times of' criois . "The strength of tl. e union is i h unity . You must train youre el v es to be loyal to your tmionan to stanL.. to l; e ther in decis io11s . X.\:~ ~ "'t'he reason why I t h inl..: now t o be t l e bes t time to .form a tmion i :::. lJecause t he 1.en ve :prove r toc~ay tl.a t they can stan t o ,e t her and· be loyal to each oJtll.er . Now i ::; t he gol den opportunity . "The union mu s t build up its .funds that in tiue1 of' crisis) UWI L ibr ari es . .. " C" copy at p age l10 --- No J men Hill be ablit.e The nH~ lislt ..,Jress ' l '1WW"9'V6J'l\V ~-i ew-~ee e the rectc tio hel.1.1int., Ti.me::, " comment on " local .fireurarn.1s aud v.i.sitiuG a ..,itatorb " qwe ·ew 1h1: tl1e dis turba nces alont, , was ill favour of' ett i nc at thee of Lhe troubl e. The '1T).-til ""'x ,ress " o i nteu out (;hat Britain was Lu ing more &Ut.., ..,r fro1,1 '.::ul a th.au Ja11taica , an,1 selline le::,::, to Cuba . 1 .tncPtiow.,l j ~1e ther t he Col onial secretar Com1,1u11i::;t ·• .P. villiarn Gal at)ier/wewea:ew~ aweJ! asked ill the Rouse was aware tha t '¥ Ja wa::. cele- brate,J. in Jaiua i ca b the executio11 of a 111other anc cldl 0. 11 ___.... ,,..) --- -- ----· --- ~ (;W' ---- But they did recogni~e that , as Trelawn; 11l ,,,vd . . iaxwell \ spoke it , "~ ocial and economic injustice" was a t he true cause of t he Disturb an9es . ~"'o one member ' s r equest for leg islatio1 to the right was a l ready there ir allow l abour unions , the Attorney Genera l sai /.'tluet a ljl9 enact- nent . un.i.lateral rustl.i.115 • a 01 '"' t A.nder::,01 llad a l r e ad 111ade his own/e ewewe ee of'i' e c- in»· ~ettle11ent by./Mevcie.g.., a .5 0% raise ~ to 4/6 a da ) to h i s s treet cler,111e1':: / and wa::i con.fe1•ri1.:., clobel witi 'ianl ey on way ~ to ease tile te11sion:::;. ""u t t here was ol>viou:::, l y onl} one J.'Oad to u or r1alcy a1.t.c.t tha t wa::, the :freein5" of' t lie two l eaders. Ou the Frida , the Concilia t ion Board tol u UWI L ibr ari es "hot lunch" /2=pas5eE: tu.d=H~~f&hi~~~e~~==btU.eh=~l:W:==~e~i~te~ k ff~ Q.f #-l . 9,#imuft# • But nei t her of then1 coulcl have gone very :far without the aid of a pastor , ff-~j ~i$ J ev A . IH /ebb , who s tretched his terms of reference ;iut to the limit to/1f J# . t#r,re:,; the :facilities of' his Children ' s Lunch Fune <.,or-unittee at the service of' the strikers . ~ He was publicly co Lmen d ed by Mrs Uanley :for "the magnificent way in which he came to the help of hungry strikers (proc'lucine ) a meal for 1 , 500 at four hours notice. 11 G LCtJ1r /AJ --------···························· ·························-···············•··········•·•···········-···················· ·······•· ................... .,.N hf•onOJ ~ paw ~ am JO ~ UWI L ibr ari es f,.. - ..,I S! 41 iaule they llad decided to c.oul..>le the overti1,1e ; ,ut that , Wauili-e he told the,, acidl, , wa::, too late to uc enou,)". 11 T told the~ to relea:::.e Bu:::.taruante or l'in.::,ston will buru ," he wrote later. Df in Diotor cars Alt.ler::;on at,reecl with lti1;1 a n d the ~oarC. too1'- off/f'or King ' s nouse . l'anley .rir~t ::;to1,pe<.1 ::\t the fire ur1t,ade ~tatiou to keer, hib !'ire- men 1fli1"'4' cool and then 11oture 1 to 1:int, ' s l~ouee to • oin the noartl :,. ,.J ·e took the lont, , slow , atient road ~cause he recong-ni~~ WlillYRirn/U •l1ml1.1WB5lltlG:tfiE h1U'f the et i ti ve , ~ truculent:; lonL- s11orer.1en , . ..J,. WUElil:'/.:''"fi'\.®ll~ wauewbea-eemng,; 'IJli~UUb'E~EE 11nli ,._e 1e d;"°',t11 J MJ.. .(ei \\Orl--er:::. on tho ::,uGcir es tates , · , ~{int,1>ius of' lfliltEwl:'i.'Il~ ITlllJ.lllllmunlninn~amu.iesd1mtxn ... J,/4vere a colieb i ve t,rou) awing / o:f \•lnchi ~ '1.i. ..,' 1 whE.e l <.1 <11.a ::, their enclave/£ro .. 1 noi t 'o al Street to tl1e r 0 y s e" . O.t!,.u • II The lights were burning in ')c .. .1.lla1.1 ' s o:f:f lee at i_in0 1 :::. Hou:::.e whcrA 1e1 worked to relieve tl.1.c> belea6 ure --owutown anxious 1anew:elirewe~ewpwoile a:e wew:ewewilhetl to t:ic :::.out h now and u ese.r ed dark/oave for police .. )rowl wag~on:::. and occasional b ands or ouths windo1v--Lreaki ng s ort. uent 011/runib.rlulu:ttihmnlnamn11uunrmrhm At l" ing ' ,:,; House , • anle says 1-IJconlcally , there "is a ma d arty. 1 They were \\laiting f'or him . Of the seven or eight 1i1en pres t>nt , onl h e had been in close physical toucli wi t h the strikers all u~y . He 11.ad ::, een the mood~ a.ud felt their a:, ;r oba tion a::, well as their disappro­ had wew.e.wtih e e v to~eie wewtiwe e been in baLtle with :frie11d ancl roe val . He 1u1ta.ureunlruncl waue-ec e-u ~we w~rarDa.ewPu:aeene/du.rin~ the Lia arul vofc.l,'le the previou:::. nj gl1t. re had fou[,h t with .fell ow law e-s ){Ucharu t t;he backs o.f sud1 , ower.ful !'ac ion::. a::; 1·e1. Fj lJ 1 ::; c..itclt - all J"1A wllic, t I "' C" leauer a nd tlie 1/har owner::; . /:WBmiU}i'Il!L~IlI: ~ Eli -~_,....iX llau urou..,l t toc,t1the1: dli:, ia1 a tc, 1,c.oplc iinw1:1, ·,t/..,ucl /uitweBeee u ::; merchru1t J . L . Stiven::; atH.l co1un1uni&t ucha11a11 , ~O11.::.Prvat ive l.' .Theo 7'cKa:> aud , ..,1 ta t or St "-lilliam Graul- , u .. u c lso ti1e crucible ii.Dl!l P,,J~Gt;'-€'i> llau/A$AO/ i>i.eiljH,e ldch hac.l c ... •,o -'t.e.llie s d the a11ti - e&ta- UMmotl1ll lJrt- .._Jtl ·e,' the grow1d fo:r ou ort of' blishment ideas that had/.1il1JiUAlVU/s:r ~ ~t ~Zli ·~:taxll ·z:th.e ;t,.Ja.i·Hli :a the o L Ja. a i a / StuI .. . ~~~xx:t:i..1nu •. z0 the ,-, t1:. te ol' /V'dtrol@ildnu. ~ he Jl'fI?recl no co11.fo.1 t . °ttB~s :i«/ke,~m.\lu\l.e e.oee WJ!H1.i into Hanl e " I a m a"'l ell and v.~ 1 IN ,..,.. t-l::,ential was a deep- route sympat 1y for tie wre t c e, c ond ition oJ: t t poor . ,1 ile ,; e arch const:lrvative Londo1 Ti 1- i:. as scori n t he 11 long year s oi~ ne l ect y the Colonial Offi ce,,. loc.,l o v e r nnents an er p l ayers " for t he 11 s t an a r d of' life o t ,._st .L.n ian labo11rer II w ich. was far elc,w e v en bei n 11llal.fway t,i.,o'-,l,_..1,J -.===-._ l t olera le'', t e l~e ,er was blasting away a t t he ~ ~o l oure Social . l farc S o c i ~t ies in London an G~oree ad1 ore' or observin that 11whi lu Tory politic i ans singof t .~ lories o t he l!.'mp.Lre o ,._ whi ch t · s n never sets , for million"' o o t her) ri tisl c.; i t h:.ens . . . t he s 1n nev er .r i ses . 11 * ..xeort:,e .. r.. ore , a .rini l a ia1 , Vos a 101 :illr Jrnl:a liliXt:X l ~U... s ... ti. hi,::toric)'fl a1 d 'it, ter forffb l ack ri "hts . Ob a1., . j ouruali ::. t, ti 10/xigk%RX e die i n UWI L ibr ari es Maul ?,'h"'Wl1 , i.f tem._Jorar) , The re,.u when tiie summons came .from th" risou . Behind tl ose cla11ui11._.. i ... on doors and L.i,_,l recll>rihl ... w&lls , the cousin::; met and s .._ ul e fc.,1 the :ir::;t time i1 ').:....,_::,. {F LL .. J...,ihC':;, S COh~ 1 t~ l.,j OD.:> ~ tc1 .ante i1a tem. anl t luted thaL:.:: .. us i 0 .., LJ)':.,tl:f a __ ( ::>t.e 'i • i11 j =il c,1,J ue ,-,at i .,.fi lc d w1 e r, '1 •• a 1 ... l 1..:7 - - - . \. ~ -4) b 1. '- '--Ill - -..(; L(.; I.,. x .. , le Ill- ') ·Le s l;ou, f ., lfeuu.t.;ei,J~ewewwtie ,,gJ.:ve- ~ ~ .J •=:u~ :btt2 ..... CJU 't 0 v u.c ... 1 .. ..L .... uJ. ..... to l e J. .L u j ai . " t all~ln..., ?.Le assurance rec e l veu , : •aul e) ke 4 J t tl1e )loy 0 0.:...iv :.: L ., / s~ 0:inu 0 v E,{I ,r...,.·N' Fusta11antc 1s counsel J, . . ·- . 3ml.tll ii,t o s in t own ~~iBJ;;:;J::~·:~in::,teat.1 uf' to S;J;.i.t...."1.x. · s. headl 1G out/:fi'l:E his ueloved Cl a r e n c..on cons t it1 <-nc .f.:>.1. his "·anl e y sa s , 11t~ l,1i1.' 11.._J~ aHs heekl .r>Olitical .rcnce-mendi, ... .., . Gravel , / ±~ ~~.... L ·ttJ=~ik'l;}!~pi;~'Y.S "Al 'l:r pta 1, .for .ce11ewine tlie a ... ,tilication on , y evidcnce j ' Jl\.~ut al.1 ce tlH ..,1 i:lnt- inc, o:f the J.J, .. •lici t i on , a ::; a .for1:.. ...,011e co 1clu-..ion lw.vint., i..1ee11 eci- ued at Ki116 ' .:; House tLe ni...,J1t 1..>e.rorc , saturcla ' s c..1 t tl at t, i ie .110 t s.i ttiH.., in Clwmber~ l.11 the cat t wa::; c.1 1'or111all. ty --- al tl1vu.0 h /ne e ke.l fflHW know11 to a.II .> IDre::Ja:x:H • ere relea~ed to a rc,cl inb, j ubila11t cit .>. flwt)~B :~ trlu .. ,~,i_ar t !;lOt o rcaC:e rol l cc.. out o.f the Tower S t .C'ee t eni­ tentia } g .... tcs r:-r ,:~: in the early a.fternoon a.11d urove t he mile to Lhe !"o 1 .Pier betwee? dee.._.> l ines of c h eerine, ~>eo l e . ili thJG an le) , .!!:1'!: auC.: ~olic itor ::, ,Ut>truaaHt e and Crru-t ~ >roce~siJln we1.e Sr1ith,( _".os ::, L.i.:vin"'- s ton a u tl .\lJ an J'ynt<::r . r.:c.111a i:auley wa::, a l :eeady i11 t :le cro,v 1 H tt,.I '17ft ~'2vtu .. dc 77{'<:!? , , S--1"·• /,,I d ,:' ---, fi r l21rfiA11VI Gvz~//l,T7+ Or- T?I~ Ptl/J ~/i y G IJ-;V fer ~ /J,t h¥ c ~l,/},fv vv &<. r,.) o.... <- 'v .) UWI L ibr ari es ' Uu t ar uaolc Mw ctl er the 1 ot , l ie1 ate t. e 1ass su,.,~,ort w' :i. d ad lt. u • 1 a e wa 0 01 to capa ,ult in t o ::;u1 r • e On t i c 'face o it, i t was a JO l ly ee t; il1t.: , wi ti cohgra tu - lat i on~ assin to an. • t o wl icJ anl ey le to assj t u _p t l1e les l re ro a on t he l eaders on t e ~oal ra i lcar le · t e it ellows); u t tl e l ine ere 1:;ein ra 11 ~~==th~~ were already a fAW weJl e be ones , c a c.t lcy • oti1 ~iue~ ~ it ' t 1 avoi a1c o zmzpteion 0 % ~0itk C J C itb1 art iJ t .1 x:0z sue ess1 ul Lai l a J,tll i ca t ion , ar. .uus t , ant ].r:; a t t c sec on o • t he aft ernoon 1 ::, two c tir c;s.., 01 e - 1. >iJ. t e a 1 y 1 .;) two encc incrAase ,it t e pro 1 e of co\ le 1or overt ime , a t 0 1 t l c ne - ~J /1"}" req est t otiati.on l i U a 'ef>U-1( irls occ rred t oo , ~ as ust aut e ao re si1 t e ee t iI as o 1rat!cs a ,or t t bccan ana t e a la t er for its J.lace in tl • l tral 1. t ion; an 1.i.lc a vo- ca t in t l e for il of' a "Labo 1r arty", c es t ine< t o P. i::, os t .firs t 1 c a r some politic 1 1 e esi. Inci en t ally , t e/ c otm inl y boll e -cwee 1 t e t wos •arcr scm ants was bei n la own t o os t CJ ti.cir a ct _;_en c e ior t e firs t t ie \/hen u t anant e rev eale i t. I (1 - ~ I I /;4l:c~ • l? " f~1e ~ ~~ fPr -/-., UWI L ibr ari es ("" tl ey r but art.,·uable whether/ix c; i cl not alienate he mass ::support which'ftdul t ~ reme import a ce~ 4--'#-~ f;~- On the f' ace cif it was a j oll y :nee t iu._. w,:t'tll ccmcratula t i ons ,railcar passine to an fro 11al!lel.10 0 amon{:{ the leaders on the coal / ea:P t. plat:rorw ~wax ( to wl.ich Hanley f-' wit h an athl etic bound a ra.0x0s. irl then tu n int, t o assil:,t e less .f li....,fe l lovs ) but lhe l.in •• hein0 ~ R • alread - , __.-w-.,...,...:i---.....J x1x~a« ~/c __..,..--..--~ ~-- -.).,,----~ well /e ~ o - , II :zm:,.:13..,n..::- oC(,1 s ~~•••ir.a.-~ ·~ •::-i•t:fi .• 1.1 . 1.1ee ting a t the whar_#> was a s ort one. where , maute lef't for t he Conciliation Board }migrxix,c. Manley cornmen t::i dryly , they " g reeted Bustamante like a brother ." So brotherly in fact tht they agreed to pay .. double :for overti1oe 011 tl1e dock although t hey would not budge :fro,.1 tr ... e tw u::;ta-1nGrmante pence s traight tine increase. It was a gain anyway end ;th4,J if ~ was a to atch .ru1ley ' s . able to U:iWZl~.aaz:tz return t o the p ier with fresl/ success/. &:ix ~&X It was at that / later mass meeting , 4 . .JO in the aft e rnoon , the strike wa.::, cal.led off' . !f.ae A ti. 1e had ended/ and b~ gun_.c 'he mass peopl e had /\~ thu A fir-,t ~ , N111Ja a clear cut A new k ind of lo; al ty z:tz '0asz :th0zen00£zana ge~ vi9 to:r7: 6k:~~etrn.f5.ikziQ~~i.\iiu~ z ~Y h ad e ·1 rEg&?i»~~i~iii~m~i~:ii~ iin ~ wli~ need ~~~iz~~~B2iz~~ik£ziB~~E~~iz~~i~~~ moved over for princi- broke ant Lun.;ry , ple . Disorganisea ,aze 0~0nz :t0 z 00zen0~pe~+ faced by aachine guns and ri:fles on land , ~ a call ed- up ~ritisn cruiser offshore , an wit11 the~ ~r a 1'10s:tize hostil e , largel y mi ndless empl oyer c lass/swe2zizgz t0 n~c' a irrl of le..,al vi 0 ilante status il.1 •,.rl.1.ich they could bear auu~ s:tazirez :t.0.emz 0a:t~z to ze b ring them to their knees , the ... a.l2Hi °'an as J noldin~ workers had dug in , z»nie~al!~ ~ S!Z:.!~ ftZ~f!~fa ground -witL. the stubbornness of St ~ii zabe t h mules . lha t was e ven more outstanding was that resolute discerning leaders had been found a mong t hemselves , L1en the ir betrayed, capable 0£ resisting and yet , in spite of/~eaxs exploited generations , also capable of trust .~ ,' 1. c. l e class " It was a good year :for . anley and Bus t ai!.lallte to be ready in; and a eood year for the dead ones "l''hose in , 1e aoriawf was the cb,rJ:u, ().,j, s Ut ar courage and the ham ering spirit of' t he/e al?le~ze:te workers and dockers , t: e fire en n~• tre banana carriers and a ll those others who stood .tkil.s »*•I*Ab:tiraa?s d:cadap•~•~••-xas-111'x iUJa~ 113~ I ----~li- i::-x- x:x- -:g·~,a-· .. inil.Jifx~~~J:~rl:!anli:i.wjtx qnd sin, ,le- ii. eol1 :.rasped the time . .................. ..,N r UWI L ibr ari es .... PAGL; 115 ::-Ul} Li',. L,. T II II Co11cernint, this , . tan le)· sail later : :,. / 11 0 .. , euncstloy, the the whar:fowHers anu shiµ,t.1in a ent ::- lta<.1 ac;rccJ to raise the rateb ot pay by two1,ence an hourday work , " .. a11le)' says , 11'kB "overt ime ra t es renainin UJ1chanced. This offer vms re jf'c ten by the mt 11 wl o at tho ~u 1e ti□e in:,iibted t .at tl ey woul, stand on strike until such tinC' as • ..r ustamante was relN.1.seo . Late 01.1 Thursdny , the Concllia ion board wnb app ointee tu .. ( all I riday tl.1.e oartl wns ~ JJrkinc with ir1tcrviews with 1.iy::;el.l and with the dock owners a.rH shippine at,ent s . lt was tl.rouLl 1,,ediation o:f tJ1e oarc.i t.bat th<' dock own.Prs and ~hi.1-pine a ,cntsraise< their of'f'er so as to include double overtime on tJ-c twopence increase ." AYS '' \ ..... UWI L ibr ari es - - l • l 4<> ca 1:.,ers Un Sm a) ay 2 in l i s/0t'fieas at .to 25 ( or :· 1 ~ 1.1.l tl ~ treet , anlr>) cD l li led in ,d.s the pres::; an< sta t c sO110 11..-,lanl,.s II in l is 11vlat orr X. f'o .1 pe1 ,a1tP.nt j 1 rove1 ""Ht. 11 Al tl ou , 1 e vas l:o at;aia &t r1te cateGorically t11at "th i~ is no t a political cam ,ai n ", J e was at :iz. t e ::;a e tine and lace eclaring :.1!: 0~z t lae it tu be " tl e ~o l e1 art) opport nity ·or formin a Labour/:'-~r.~ in a ra ictt. " ,,art J. .::H=-, ~,ut it o ·s I ot ap9ear t hat e was tllinl.in of a e~d.:i:1.::i:~a:x "not to be party. I t was/J.! :t0 be a art, wl ich will supplant any otber orl:,a1.ibd - tion working or t eopl o.f t ,e co1m try. 11 j 1st aull mos t i mportan t function was to " co- or, inat y a.illiation , every existing people's orLani::;ation so t hat tl ere cuulc oe one central or,ani.ation keepine in clo::;c tuuch with t he active rou_µs wo1kinc- all over t}P country o. the good o.f t he people . " sweeJJ - a t j uzzlin .1.f coloay-s tat e race.ful/1ar0og;in§ towards a '[o e - µarty £uzeti00iJ3.g~ lrni. t ll~ would raw i 1ense streu~th lrom its af iliatlon to "a ' ... rade Ur.ion wi Ch all t11eir e bers , t ile Ci ti::i ehz ' A::-socia tions an all t ,e Leagues a11< A~::.ociations whicl.L are 11>1ork1ng to a co 1. ~""" ,,._..,✓. ,,, 1 .. ~~ .. --.... ~ ,,., • • 1,i .,..,AH , kJ-t-UJ , , ,1//,(p /' 1 '),-' It l 1 I .Ll (! µIA, 30 ~ -- Ch II potential ::-tren~ t i. <-·-· L ~ \hL _ti . "At 1 ..._e::;t-rt , " .,._,.t cly(,,,,,.,./ 1e llad t 1e he said , 11 tl ere are thri ty- tl: ree seperat e roup::; o empl O), cet> who I ave :,sent clP. ates to rue ruH whose cases are oin, to be present ed to the t ·;vnciliat ion )m oard . " m~tJ6.i'.i he It coul be l;l a t witlt t he f'orming o'f' hi::; "labour arty , 11 /Man­ wa .:,, resw ing t hat at cmiloyin cla::;s XAtX~ ~Xc\ ~ -H.yo ~°"f , ~ o-n-tfry -ta ,fc10 TJv..tt M1tl pleA.t..u( fi,.q- n.,~ ~ tf-~4 HAX iv',~ ,r-1J l..,,"", ,;:, t,...j,~)~ t1i,,f- I..;, "'"'-~ '-~"'~ . 0lEl'tl. l~ Jvl/C:- / UWI L ibr ari es 50 • • • label alternating with "middle-class" and a d op t e d by cit i zen s i n -- •:fxAXDIARxx.kJI•• with "clean" jobs . Barr ister Ca mpbell, a ~JC squat , gnomewtl!!l-••··•-:-like J b attler whose br.· ~ ()1J, ,•.,.--z'C>'ttl.A ·1;:tJ .,..., U •• .formi da b l e scholarshi p included a ~ of ? ? ? ? ? c lerical which e ff'ecti ve had .formed his / t M uni on b / aBc.t g ained a reputation f or / pugnacity . El s e • where t hei r c ause receiil(e~ .c~ imp overished help , lik e f rom E . Barrington Williams , tall ga ngling b lack who ran a little known wfio organisation called the Social R~cons tru c t i on Lea gue / was calling m.trl:i:qa FIRST TEN DAYS OF JUNE BI TTEREST : SHOOTINGS ALL OVER ISLAND : I SLINGTON i,~ouR KILLED MANY WOUNDED DENHAM DI ED J UNE 2 THURSDAY AFTERNOON I N KPH. BECAME DELIRIOUS & DIED hjfx J . 0 1 WITH BI SHOP SARA OFFERI NG PRAYERS & OFFI CIALS AT BEDSillE . (GLEAGER June 2 ) or aax.iaaxgxxaxx had their mee ting s 11in def enc e o f the Middle-class 11 ; / Ali=J(iJu~utieEa~=lili:i:e:a nose s rubbed into t he g round as at the inaugural p rinters' union meeting c 91$' g·F Bustamant e xa:a .flailing "Jamaica's grea t middl e class .for their spinelessness " which made t h em liv e "in cons tant .faar, de spising t he lower c lasses and in a d ilemma to know wh ere they socially 1)/uuv✓h ~ belon ed . II a..tt .~c... ti..~~ etu. µ ri .ro f;-y ~F,!'\(n.,ddaclet-.:.~-. 7 ,r· g ;Tf V~ 1 , • .., {),.c)e,~ /_,;:__ li:fiv ..2t.C·" -·p, , be:r·o .i: 1.; ..L.vng anu with gtl» ~ Lf'a,,1 What they W%/B were to p rove; ~atez was that they belonge d in pezz~zca emotional poiitics; although their / attachment to t h e PNP was to d is- credit t n at party .fo r many years in t n e eyes o .f t h e mass voters. In t h e meant ime, several o f t ile more t h ougnt fui and p ub lic s p irited h a d al igned t nemseives with t h e new urg ency being gen erat ed t h rougn Man­ ¼e~~•=•Bixxxxx»z a ~ l ey •s activi tie s. x1 ~ - .;J:- ~ with N . N . "c rab " Ma n iey,kaui seze eazzes Neth ers oie as h is ) vd ~..,j l 1\,t-o-Mq-c~ , ttJ{ ~ffl,ct a meeting a £ i n t n e o r 1·1 c es 0 1· Dr J . L . Va rma wh ere a number o :r committees we r e f ormed t o "study reconstructive i a.eas 11 a n d "to OJ. t ·e r t neir f ina ings t o t he Conciiiation voar a . F i ve c ommi~tees were se ~ up to stua y tinanc e, nutrition , adoiescent & a duit e a ucation, recrea- t ion a n a. unellipiu :,-- e>nt· . Manley h i mself n ever ai;i; en a eu. t he ear l y me e t i ngs. - - :------------;-------=~~--:---_,..--~--=-­ e:tng "owing ," said a report {GLEANER J UNE 2 "to his a ctivities els e---- - where , 11 az·J,:~e~~z-//;.e was too busy . .fi ghting bru s h f ires all ove r t he the cowitrysi de/ but h e h a d previous l y mapped/strategy o .f "soc ial and rural r econs t ruct ion " wh ich t h e group woul d study. The division o f UWI L ibr ari es 51 , , a maladroi tX one. the de f initiin.s was not rlt~et:liexhu1:asa.wz.~•~~ "Rural" reconstruc - reserved eez~zsan .,tJ tion/kaui a righ t~ 0~i•~BJ1Xai~ for special approach. Plant diseases/\ ~ ,( 0aid the Jamaica Standard in an : d~rial, ~ ha;J caused many large estates -1io=·b•=a¼1110•-c=a"baAciOJ1ec:i:;:X_1JE~ (.See append ix) ASK GLORIA TO TYPE OUT JA, STAND. EIDITORllL MAY Jl. X to be almost abandone d · t t"z~saz»H~E! ,. There are parts of Jamaica where the sight of money is an extreme rarity. There are hundreds of people in ~ ti- --:ri, Jk~._-ti certain districts who have not known work of any kind f or years J 11 1 No <14,;f,t,'tl wonder zaat the ang er lasted so long in the previously d isceptively gripped the gentry mild mannered country:folk. Something like panic/xrarakzhaia in They took to BBBkZB~ at t n e rurals./~0zzazwkzie making for strongpoints/aa the f irst shout in the valley.* ~-----~--,---~----:--:---:~--~-----:----:-~ ~=-----=---::- in the ments. *A rumour zaat of an attack on Frome sent the harried English expatriates racing poaeAase• down the road to Savlamar where they took refuge a"baoa~E aboard a ship in the harbour. But while with Bustamante he was logging ma.ay Manley uneasy outlying places, M•¼•~ was not neglecting much mileage town his/e~•~ commit- (with Nethersole) He/led demands of the Water Commission workers into meetings with the Commission chairman, including some for the skilled plumbers, masons, fitters, carpenters. B~z»ai As increaees for the various catetories of -( .\ .r'll 1,, ,a ,~ ,.b·~)WR· l-. It~ vi.J'"' k.,._f- C!w;(' ·t 1 • v "Ir ;1. r,/-CJ. y emp_.1oyees were won, Man] e,== kept up-= a •••• runn n-g commenta - >Jt,.kt... ~d /4'"; ,;iY!ost or ignored / a £ac»t>r moasc~ ¼oae by all the labour leaders~ of (is) inevitable that taxation will increase.• :h.e saisk i'r~_o-vePdue •iii::e ii. . inos:ac tax :ts t96t.lii" 0 to I oilb ... There must be an adjustment of the burdens of taxation so that it -falls more heavily on the class of the ,, commlllli ty that can bear· it. . . 1.'I- am ~!Y7DnG-~ ~ ine--»--e-a • ~ uf wages whU-b Be.' be:tll.g-~d wffich~ Pe95"-o~ ,;t,0--S"COlUe j ii½l . - • ~ ~.Juii.l. . - g1 ea• but dGfi's c5h the isiiriffl ""FP~-~ ,-J.:- 1 I A • ..J :.{ -' ·c1_ .ft. I ;,-.p/1.- 1. / • ~ ti-+_~~} l~~ ' J,~f'~;.{1:f.;. t\/u; ~ .. ~':;; u~ ~J ' "''~ f110 ..._ "'(Jt;,ff rge coilinuously ~-~ that 11ou trouole wil not be solved •rO''J . J~ unless some comprehensive group of' plans f'or dealing with wiemployment ff#, __,/ can be f'ound. 11 He declared that above all, there should be 11an accelraration of' of the programme of land settlement and development of (our) industrial UWI L ibr ari es 52 and agricultural resources." He and Bustamante were now b eing officially recognised•• a s t h e two real l eaders of labour in the island. They had tacitly been a~ legal lijalil given/ e~~x~za~QUASI/ status/ »~X)(J(XJqp{)(IJCXPI« by the Conciliation Board; they were assigned and tackle trouble / to settle disputes/ az :tafix••* potent~ l ••oseaca spots~ ,£~ ~ \L ,<,i ~..t o ccurring ~ .:tlv'j in town and countr y . . About ta; L ii~, ~e~ -s/ b98•aa:i.118 t4lm't w,.dtd CIIPe 1~ irc umstanc~ '1!~£ w~ui.dxuxx.lllll■••*»:i-.xfix put into motion/ •••n••=-••--=---~a advaa~:i.R8=oama•c• x:buunrxaiuix:wll:ak•xll•xaxtio (1, set-.&!e ~ ~ und rv\:!,r £er tJ:u i l•nd"'-11- -IJllllllXdx:kka j.>:ixx*■*IIXJUUIJIIIX~--~ .J. - /2 po:l~¼ca-:1. -f:t¼t~ .- ... _c _ __ (.,'!..e .... ,? l -~11~ ,.t.. t'/. t1 d, t ,:'l¥1J.1/J? ( t-~-,) l u;. '--...,' .,>- ;,? "1' b I. • >" /',. 'v CHRISTIAN SYSTE~ BY ALEX CAMPBELL You s h ould never equateyour understading of the scriptures with t h e scriptures themselves . CHAPTE R Jamaica had becomeI used to bury its d ead in the weeks since Frome. SomeID f e ocious police ••zk of their ~J\!O:aa; and ICXXX.JfElll military work (and/ • ... sabre rattling . on sidewalks and in canefields. had left sev8ral dead/ DlOOOOUClXJOJDOOIUCiilXXJ1JODtXXXJDCXIO::IOICXX The ailing of the govefnor, Edward ~~andis Denham, had p assed almost unnoticed in daily reports of xi:ab.._. arme d clashes ragged the/•-•*•~i:Jlpaatti:.ax•:.fx•:ali:•x•Y•■llxu±Kka between the/ ••~•~-• battalions He died on Thursday, June 2 aaa of unemployeds and state forces. / Jttllxlllaa:.tk after and was the series of crises ull a ggravated an old stomach ailment/ X1CXIOO( buried ~ 11 1>1/MA/t F'tc.t/'(T ?Ho.sPHcte - E:3 ROIJ;Jt€ ~r R2Wf- ~ ,f 'I'"'-"-'•~ 6 ...,""'f . -«,;. p~ople, CJ(- f1;J;. ~ -¥-if Pro C v Lt;J(.. ~~.t vJ a way, a ' ~ /IE W;;V" In~UxX&Xa::x Denham' s death was / siul t u rning point in the rt~-c- fiR.ST 19 38 revolution. True, there was- Isling ton to come --- a f ew hour C1-n-.'t tAc//;,..'j ,f' ..<.tENI~ B"'5. &iF"\eG .,., • p~ , C. C. Woolley, the colonial s ecretary 'A had hardly mo i : UWI L ibr ari es ' . l /f t,< d f 4 ~Ice £. - 1/16,~ /41/ 11&".f't'fl"-pU><)k (~ ~If - ------·························•-··•··················-- .................. ..,N UWI L ibr ari es ·' 53 into King's House before he was announcing a million dollar land The scheme had been Denham's, settlement scheme.~VIUZ~~~XZ900 planned (and announced) without tY any reference to his legislative council. lavishly The scheme,w~• wzd zaaaz~ acclaimed by the Press, had of course its neat little rider that nothing could go forward until the country Xreturned to"normal." In any case, it would be cheaper {,wtt,,( ½· to operate than tae t trer which had not gone beyond the i dea stage ~ plan for -fhis was a / migration of JOUCIJCICX Jamaicans to then British Guiana (Guyana) and British Honduras t..~-~ J. To Manley, the•• new land deal was "the best piece of news I have seen for the people of Jamaic a since I was born." He seemed the aam11 to h ave known even more1 for he hinted zaa at I slington/ saaz Sunday atgat evening that a four-million dollar four-year plan was also a possibility. H~ suggested that JJCYJX repayments be axx spread over i C < J ( --;J; f' /() a 20year period "so it would not break their backs ~~ i#' t p'f On,md-■•lQll■)!IKUS in his Woolley aeteaz~ezz was / acting post a mildly popular man of good Establishment metal ~ wa•z~nz•t~~z~e~n~~~ who performed con- to ~h6 Iegislature that be made to t h e ventionally .i:a in recommending/ a "tangible recognition" dx:tu/ police but saia nothing of the militia --- presumably becau se they had talked to A.G.S.Coombs in Montego Bay about ~h eir pay. GLEANER WED J UNE 8 J8 ) G On Tuesday, June 14, Secretary of State 1•1alcolm MacDonald announed that 'I he was sending a Royal Commission . He was also sending a new governor. a the Commssion, Man1ey said: "Mere1y to assess past errors of: b1ame wiH not help the future. The future depends on ourselves and on t h e efforts the of •n~ people of this country. } UWI L ibr ari es \} __. wf}.d--~tl &I!,~~ fJ;-J-/k. ~ 1 ~ ,t-~ ~ qf J lace_ ~ _ ~ Denham Land Sett1ement p1an had~ --.i rK su i J I--• • ,, gf f b }Manle~~~/Rural Reconstruction Committeeifwhich two days r similar but later was reporting its own/recommendations;~a~/similar only in th•t the Committee's proposals also rest ed on land use. imii ~he Man­ ley plan was for a "complet e reorganisation of r ural conditions~" "Members were Manley, Dr WE McCulloch, a nutrition expert and 11•ili:i:&X-~b:z:: social thinker, Graham Hawkins, N N Nethersole and Miss May Farquaharson. The Committee saw a land programme spending 4-million dollars in ten years "commencing with an immediate expenditure of one-miilion this dollars." They"considered/ the immed iate amount which in the period of time can provide any real solution of problems of unemployment or achieve the genuine and basic reconstruction of the whole island economy." Manley thought that the settlers whould come from four categories: the unemployed; small farmers with an initial capital who needed credit facilities, more agricultural knowledge and assistance in mar­ keting and who are already on government land settlements; other small settlers also requiring c r edit etc; agricultural labourers on estates who should be giKen lands near to his employment. The closely reasoned plan went into details of of finance, in including X suggestionsfor some modest increases•• taxes on UWI L ibr ari es I I ' ' 54 NOTE a BUSTA'S MENTAL AGILITY IN SEVERAL INSTANCE · CHAPTER l/tfl-'!f'1 -d . t{ / i ?~~~ ~A~ j.\t, Lt, /t.,7 t f k k 1,"1~.cli- J 14. The new governor would be Sir Arthur Richards, an old colonial iacific handA His last post was in the Fiji Islands, a point that the irrepressible JAMAIACA STANDARD took into consideration with an editorial warning the new chief that "head-hunting also exists in th s island ... mor•· than one governor has lost his head b ecause of the activities of 144 in scrapbook a certain group here." (STANDARD JUNE 15,al~jidy "Q"). Both Bustamante and Grant had been/freed of the the all the charges lodged against them on/Dnpire Day arrests, til.• Crown f:tx .. axaXIi:s.b~xfia:t Jd::t.luaaxx having withdrawn %~aJUixbx~%µ:S.U its case. * XKX only *They were defended by J.A.G.Smith, the ••x~ elected member m:txanilmx..bna1hmwm••z to escape Dr W.E.McCulloch's strictures for their "complete lack of leadership" in the drlau crisis "most noticeable and highly to their discredit." (GLEANER WED JUN 15 PAGE 146 scrapbollk "Q") The triumph brought a new surge to the demands for unions. in Barbers, railwaymen, hotel 1QZU%& employee~s, workers of every category were meeting in schoolrooms and lodge halls and pledging their three- It was a pence and sixpence K weekly dues to battle the old exploiters./X■il■x•• 1.J!At good IXXJ[]{l[Q wine , 81!~~~~;9!1,-11'8,e::::s::tie;ma;oitz.a:qli.c~esii=:S'.lf:=:l~ --..., nxuu¥zr~xu•,~~!9b'~~1,·~,~~DWDJC»a~~~Dllllll ~ ~ •• ~ wt lel1 • a ■,tec::t .; M /. 4~ ,r~~t lay on g ood food ami woa1d t:r e?-~ • ---a u~ • '1.SZULfflx(;;.,~ -\afi\a. Manley was the only one of t h e h ave ~ leaders xk.i:u who seemed to/ recognizecl the ingredients for ax:s•ii:c:allll:fdxxxaxfiai ts requ ired XIO!xbxplll:til¥ •a.a/lasting benefits; e.g., his committee on rural reconstruction which recoanmended a 20-year land settlement scheme based on a system of cooperatives. Time and again, from press and platform, he was to -hammer at ·.-«C{-F;t the theme :tllrl of more-and-more; more employment and more wages ~ /.,vov~ 0 1.. /. ( i)~ -~ '1- pjtu,~ -1/o A P~/,1,w./ 4-.,i71J,~ 'l l·-, /,,,> t''lli '1~1/Jh.4 Cn.:, ~ more product~on frollllDore reso~ ~l..(!'~ It was good foundation stuff h but ..- carried no n ews., ~ t.lie \. t6J•. '* They were looking ~ID not for ( "~ ltLJ1'1lM 1/.~ TRocPC UWI L ibr ari es CLD l"' ..... .;:,w~ \,;.o • ~ •J '""""""'l wv .&~'-" V J:1 ILLITERAT~ CRITICS f.!!_3) our - • swimmer' s 55 bi~it~es at peak, you m te I t BAFFLOOAB = GOBBLiRD:&GOOK every i!%~~ZZiZi~ZZa • at ·~~ately there we r e others ,ttie , . • day. strategists bu had already . who eallf!,.b'D=iih•=c:l'•~•c•i.oa=oi·· • • .. I I • •ocio-economic-political lamen ess of th e soc iety and were eager to f all in behind his as sumption f rontfl. of leadersh ip. It shoultd b e remembered that Manley's/ rol e in the May come on D~=•=:•aob revolution had not/ b••A=cP••••a=o~•=o£ popular demand Jas/ a z ~eaekzlQ!PBmBB zazazkzaaze£ , incumbents. He was e~ztae on a sigh of relief from the agitated/■aaa~emea~=Waaae&E~ats a f o lk7hero ~•eld·•••••o}:;o*a:s:•ae~cii.eJ::•ROJa=w.bi:••~ a i...c M i n - 1)/MJ;_) •a•~~~~•• ~M~~MDJ\Ne¥ (athlete/ scholar/ soldier/ non-white h with esta- Ai @ J t1- Tilt) and blishment tie s (corporation lawyeri, King ' s h ouee invite eifJIIIIIIII a repu- t taion f or .boR••~~ integrity. His ch oice o f people to his coilllllittees, no radicals in that lot, moment of his time 7reflected ae h is W•aMlliMwi.•• preferences at that / :AmmJB~ F I X t t of instant mass and his country. If h e h a d h eld ambitions /~'lauiun acceptan~e,~ these~ would have b een swif tly, even rudely PtRd f//..,;,f-irt. ?d ~ pm■~rn•wm•m•~mmm shattered by the Haa*n 'Hllnle.l-.i.n o f t he Hlft1 /Got~ the d ocke rs the day ~ ~=----=.:.._:_=-----=-=..:..=."1:Fries t~iti-~rnra:o:,;nat:iart exsxew BU TA'S HOLD ON m EVER NAMED GRATER CAKE AFTER TO IMPLANT TH MINDS. MORE R JAMAICA. SEE I:. CKBONE." ' EFFECTIVELY THAN ANY UNION I N PEOPLE'S BUSTA FOR THE NEW Note about ~ --~~~-«..~a:,p schoolteachers who put \u £ront at say &,; ft nat y s_..artd of' their ways to aces for them. EACHERS in n, but men too. (the} while he Smith and Bustamante had "rushed off' in/ enth•siastic crowd" aauixa. w-t~ .....-e left to with Edna/ "go home sadly." Yet he was able at the same time to recog - nize x~ i~x it for what it was . "The f'irst round," he commented, "is 11 - ----~- -r; i-,:t ~ ~ -ti. w7v.1 rL"1 -l; ) vp111:-r:11 w',,,,f:_;rz.; vw.1~v, over . ~ -r1 • ..;-,. • .1 At -,1. • V .1--~,.,,.,,.,., hocutl ""' ' ' Y"vt fJ'. " 1v&'"'v~ W)h,-J I-- vi,c~ G2 1~"':"'7 - ~ t"1,,,,,./. braeJ~.i." ..u~ ~ -'1~ £/q i"k '1l';...,1fr--t..., ... fe ,,ht:~k- c R bifhL ~· 11,,f •• ~ •Uht-~,d ~ ?,Fty' ' • tr~ , , °"· "'~~! ~ t • !~ 1t:;_ P"' ~ "'-'f • 1'J ½ ' • • v'- -:J{J~vr . ' . ' . • -.,,_,_,: ... , I.e. • '7 1 S Ct n;t ~ I ' fJ ~ - e ct~!i...t .... ~ )/ ~ t -{ ptay- UWI L ibr ari es 8i,J/ rJ J L lt.-t, . • • l ; . .t / . Ii ,• ., •, ,, But·-=-'i-he next round would be f'ar more gruelling. He was 45 years to most old in 1938 , thin and strikingly handsome, •#••H aloof' as a lone••••= --- :mu --- yet pine on a mountainx*o/peop¼•=-••=Bl:le :ea•w .. n■----. he could 5ake be jovial and even funny. He was long on wit but often hurtingly brief •ae=e•~k=•E~z=~o•=••o••=e¼o••=••=•••~ He had a genuine liking for ~-, in clever people xiu:a.xXJ1%QXXI¥ temper. the company of e*.-.•• aH••¼~i.g•••=peopse who did not feel ----' JA),£U-1((t1ie·, imperilled byJ\hard work or integrity: It thinned his circle¥ but pliU!i:~i.ed strenetheRed pm.!e=¥~•¼a ••••e~•e is mind. ~5:vaa=5lle:eade=&~=a~a=p&E&&aa*i~~ He was a man of utter absorption, obedient to the best demands of ki:a himself'. " move of his law practice, "You cannot/iaMMJ!I or hold or bind," he once saidJ"unless your whole :Nxa Mere self' is histrionically engaged in the real sense./DHII words are :W•:;: He spokefor all aia=athe disciplines lli.•=8•Pi:l:l•=•••k. nothing. ti ~a••:;:=h=•=••,.•=••n••:;:=chi;o=~oP=aa¼=a•• -~­ that attracted wamm- 9Rgagwa his genius, not least of all f'or politics. He was llf. / • h ,{ ! :u ..,1,,. ..1 1 U I shortly to me et a man as "~ engaged" as himself'. A C H A P T E R ( On OT FAIRCLOUGH & FORMATION OF PNP) • who avows that his ••e•ee&ee-~R-Hai~~-eaaga* O.T.Fairclough •••=•=••~=o£=•A•=~-=--•~oa=•~=•ke=~•opa••= 8-year res~dence ~ - in Haiti BIH~!~!~H-J~~4''!\P-E-. made him convinced that "Jamaica should be self-governing", wae-♦ae-~iPe♦-•e-eee may not have been the first to see in Manley the "natural l eader" of' his country, but his fellows wae-•ae c ertainly was ahead of/$a~-Pee~ in doing something about it. ~ _;"11ti,S'/,.e// M1 tj ,·,N h-{:i Fairclough, ,~ 111an to ee ■we.3ceo "b~ sentiment, had nevertheless seen in the much maligned b lack republic that "the average Haitian, man for man, of' whatever class, literate or illiterate, was a Qetter human b e ing than the Jamaican. 11He became convinced that t h e cause Jamaicans being "colonial, and the lay in the · fact of'/Hai·tians being Xa proudly independent people. 11 a He had returned to Jamaica in 19J2,/IIJIX•1Ei•zn•xyoung man in whom his island of' the Thirties lit no fires of' loyalty but made more ~•ei•• obdurate bythe Ei.•~e•=•¥•••• ••~•8• system of' aaWae~O:JDDC!XVDIXXM paternal racism which gently but firmly settled her black children at Jr:tni:x::ila.,emsu, e•:b AY~x:ltY.1.-xoariti•:ciPn w :Pf.l> rlti 11>,AJJ> t> F' the foot of' the table. The Haitian experience• had ~~~ UWI L ibr ari es .. . , . ,. • • • I memories 57 his own earlier/eJ;pSPEeRees of the half-light inwhich the ~P:XSUll&lix1tu:pa:t..nx:tilg■sxi::igks.x:iJIX1du1tll:d:bc•• black Jamaican intellectuals existed. When it came back to him, he would light ,,,..:-, have fled to DX Brazil but for ~•rliull pockets.~ ! he urge to run grew when in reply to his application supported b}J~grade u testimonials e~x:tiulxx he was offered a post in.__ white-mulatto staffed mallk King Street bank ---Mas a janitor. In 1936 he went to xxa Manley . aJ1.atxµ9:11as•lirlaankaxa .. #suxpli:.t:t•aixpax:.tJ: Fairilough had contemplated forming a "Jamaica Labour r arty" but changed when he discovered the paper-existence of a Labour own1ng Party, very inactive but/paaas•~ a letter-head~.u:b:11.xJu:ctxu .. "It was, perhaps, a geeat pity we abandoned that name. Bustamante took it up with much success a few years later, observed Jl&~~x xaa:t. Fairclough dryly. "Manley was, in my judgment, the man whom all Jamaica woul d accept, black and white Jamaicans. H'•-'-e had a reputation, or rather II an acceptance, which I think was universal. The reputation was that he was the a:t wisest Jamaican. A reputation for being the person you would put your hand into his hand and go into the dark with. It was only not/a middleclass intellectual feeling but a popular feelingll among the peasantryXXICXIOCDO[:XXXXUDPMXJf in whom I am rooted .X He was accepted not as the smartedst or the slickest, but as the wisest and with the most integrity." Fairclough, who went on to form his newspaper Public Opinion the next year, said that at the time, Manleyxa was convinced t hat Jamaica's prob lems were social and economical rather than political. "He was not very moved by my observance that social and economical probl ems come from politicsXX but he offered to take a subscription in Public Opinion which was then being contemplated along with the polical party," declares Fa irclough. ~•:.t•Dlll•lix:.taxas:.tamx:taax A determined, energetic man of walked up Duke Street to see immovable will, Fairclough/ ••• his second choice, J.A.G. Smith, but the touchy little lawyer/ legislator••• had his own ideas. A formidable Anglophile, the ill, to him, lay ~ot in Britain(and colonialis~ but in t h e quality o f her proconsuls. "I have no quarrel with the Coloni al soc i e ty. My quarr el is with Britain :for insisting on send ing f ifth­ rat e aam:bdrlJCaiaxs officials t o their conlnies. I f they would s en d f irstc lass peop le, the kind of peop l e wh o go into t h e Home s ervic e , I would h ave no q uarrel." F air clough pays trib ut e to Manley's consistency by pointing out UWI L ibr ari es .,. . • 58 that xJu)( in the following year, Jamaica Welfare was founded, -., JU1&:xa:i.x •~&Jti'.J1&X:i: .. XJ1U~xgx.allll.lllux movement harNessed to the job o:f a raising the social and economic levels of r.~ural folk. ~kll~• No f~..t.£· wasxm.a further meeting xa■kx}llh&• occurred until x May _:::::::,- - w.aea t h e day of Bustamante' s release from R1;1.e T~wn J?rison when ~ r{. .~ , -,~ at No 1 Pier ~ · sto ~ ~ ek1£ft.Ulln/ from which Manley sent out his call invting 11all people of g oodwill to enrol at his office :for service." It is interesting to note that Fairclough, who is credited with :found ing t h e Peoples National Party , has always denied that h e was a Socialist• , and certainly/ Wft~t a Communist, although as a young man he had b een "attracted" to both ideolog ies. "If I should describ e my i d eology, I would say I am a humanitarian," he onc e said . The s econd meeting •~ was at the instance o:f Ectna Manley to ca ~ iliJL. • wh om h e h a d been introduced o~. Both Manleys were by then steady r eaders of Public Opinion and with her/xtaZtaJ :.blxJl:i:X:i:XBxa••••~ enthu­ active siasm f or fresh i d eas and :i;n••~••~i:ll8 people, llDX:iJllctilUi Fai:t-c lough nex t day.* · was invited to Drumblair/-1'~-J;.aJ.ka-.~~.;i~ nest ~"'!' _ S9 _ was . ~~chMe~6&mke&j6a,66«e l,ZJ,:6l,1Z:,6l661t~2Z~e,li,:tl6l6ll,gJtJ,.Mi6&,,'l::rr:t:tT :r~::~:t::~~ sxax•axD~MIDOl)l(MltOOi( KX&XIUUXKX&XK}IIB&llXUX which included the .en Manleyb e gan his series of speeches thrdugh the countryside~lXJC« for .t.kax~•X111aX:i:E1XJ1~ a political nmu partyXX, Fairclough wrote his f irst signed newspaper article "intended to hold him to this de cla- ' ration." Soon a f ter he was invited to visit the Manleys at Ay.thur s • - SEat in Clarendon wher e they had their holiday home,. to discuss the * Fairclough regards that visit, "purely through Edna Manley," as his :first real political contact with Manley (although he was absrgtthiom Drumblair at the time, likely at the law library/ •• King Street Supreme Court building catching up on his case work which had been neglected for several days)n.11zz11 formation o:f a political party. It was over a year since he had · ~ first spoken to Manley. Was Mr Manley a Socialist . then? Did he plan for the PNP to b e a Socialist party? "We n~ver had any large ideol'ogical •discussions and .l. do not reallY. know to what extent he had been impregnated with Socialist S"'--r ideas . ~I have a strong feeling, since he was a man who took a brie:f very quickly, that he was prof oundly influenced by (Sir Stafford) Cripps coming here. 11 UWI L ibr ari es 59 a:6.6'6'6•av66t6n,,,66v96&66•''6'e'66,66Q66•n66nad66066an,66n• '•6666je66e66 C H APT E R Ha11.•ey ~M••••••••••*••-11-Maa¼•~~•*••~•* somewhat wide ly held, Contrat-y to a••~•••• beliefj Cripps did not come to Jamaica beginning. had for the purpose of providing the PNP with a prestigious; •••••• Hei 1n' on . fact, JiD. arrived in Jamaica incognito~-~ a private visit w~~a-aa-aaept•Q *~•••·•••V••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• son-DCKDJt-~a•R-•~ayiR§-a•-Me\Ul~-~aae» ••••*••**~-8•••aa*••••••*••* it8htt••*S••••¼Y*~ttt*A~•*••WAf• •&~the wedding of his daughter to an adopted son, Lucien Weaver. Weaver was on the island doing a book with an Hungarian dietician named s z ebaly. Fairclough foWl.d him on a tip from a Customs officer and s e t up the me e ting with Manley. * Bron in 1889, Richard Sta ford Cripps lDIJl entered the British parliament in 1931 on the labour ticket. R**A•~*~•e1t A lawyer, he had been :tit*•Ae solicitor general in the MacDonald cabinet . He was British ambassador to the soviet Union for two years 1940-42 and signed the Anglo-Soviet mutual assistance pact. He served in Churchill's ••••••••A A ',1,t"l w ,.,, wartime coalition government ano l ead er of the House1 AmoRg 1:,th81 =Im- ffe~t gova~ent posts w,re xx filled DY aim- Wer~ minister of __.,,,,, ( I lrd_A!,_1,,:f (u I. I ~ -aircraf't production) 19 Iii! G)J, president of the board of trade \ 1 f ;F-v?J and chancellor of the Exchequer (10': 'il ,e). He died in .i1952. An intere . ········································••******••······················· INTERESTING SIDE ISSUE of the Manley-Cripps meeting m was that Man- ley, then troubled with an ulcer, was put on a vegetarian and f'ruit d iet by the Hungar•an Szebaly and soon also gave up sm•king , simi lari- shared ties Sl(EfJ(« by Cripps. Work on the f o:nnation of the PNP was now ••k well in hand and Cripps sat in on the early 11 constitution meeting s ~ including the Silver CLub s 1 ipper7conference on the Sunday morning preceding the Ward Theatre launchilng in the evening . He gave "considerab le assistanceX in the shaping of the constitution," confi:nns Fairclough, and delivered the one of the two mai n addresses at the f'amous X ward conclave. (See Appen­ dix.} The other was of course !)y the party leader-designate Mr .... anley ii~~P:HJD•n• ' • limarlui~*x•axw•3■xx1ndtlis.xQ:u.&axm:.tuuaas•nt•sx••xtiuux The old Ward had not witnessed a larger crowd in living memory. UWI L ibr ari es 60 Manley's opening remarks ••E• co~ented on that fact. "It was not so v.ery : :l'ong agothat a very eminent Jamaicn, writing in one of our leading newspapers, remarked that no intelligent person in Jamaica today is thinking~ about politics. I am afraid if' ~ what he wrote is true, there are at least a thousand fools in this hall and five thousand more outside." (SEE APPENDIX __ ) He was unde~stating the case. A GLEANER editorial a f'ew months ago had been even more scathing. "From complete self' government for Jamaica," the e d itorial had cried, "good Lord deliver us? Not even full representative government can ve considered at a timewhen,to use a coloquialism, the tail is wagging the dog ... we doI not think that I• even one of the - Former Rhodes Scholr(??) The Ward Theatre1Jlle,ting had Noel Nethersole as Chairman.I/ N.N. -, t,.__ l -1~ L. l)f l-4,,.rrUJ - --.:; Lp /,~,,-, - _ "Crab "Net ner so , /\ IC XEfOOUf~ ~'"'--~ , bon vi van t and exc ellent cricketer, was a close friend of Manle~ and more than a fair in JU( which wi:l:Ei example of' uxx■IQD■d:xll.SX the"hopeful signs 11/ Gladstone Wilson had seen promise.* Bustamante and Houee member C.A.Little, ~•*•c~Ol:18K, *Fa ther (now Monsignor) Gladstone Wilson, then a young Roman Ca tholic priest >reputedly the most educated Jamaican and of immense intelec­ tual influence at the time, had,ae¥•••~=bka.=•o=~••k in a much talked about speech three months before,•--•~•~~ lashed out at the indifference and "typical snobbishness" of' the middleclass who, "unless an adjustment takes place within their ranks (of which however there are some hopeful signs) may shortly find themselves bound hand and foot." Ken Robinson, O.G.Penso, Anglin Jones, C.G.Walker and c.A 0 Isaac Henry have been named as those on the f;UDU stage of the Ward. Cripps for u~ fi1s part; "thJ:e b rth of a new political party ~g_"r lltADXX/ spoke e 1 oq uen t 1 y ~ll)(JCXJCl{VXJOQOOflQO(J(llff r epre sent - ing all that is best and most progressivein Jamaican life.X The whole admin- ~~XXi1UOOtUU"""-ar'"'·-kn istaation of a colony as thing s exist today must always be determn,ned pri- maritly by the Imperial needs of the Empire. That is why self -government is withheld in so many cases, especially where the numerical major ity of the people are not white in colour." t t ~ . r ~ 1.,.,..,,,.J h ,, unrep en an ~ , "Many," sniffed th~ lzleane r ,( "marvelled at his candour." UWI L ibr ari es . ., aouocxnxllC political manif'esto. Xkll It caught at the imagination of the country with extraordinary power. It must have been the f'irst time in Jama{ca that a public speech was printed in booklet f orm and circulated • --- to be studied and in the country~/ ~~JtXJlX~JOUCOlIXXnXXDX)UuQ/11-blix&JUi quoted ••&4••• as sluxldml~x:ill% a promiw~ote for· the new Jamaica. His ideas • were ~~fQ•Xli~ sx:.tn:l~~il•.1.-~!s words tough and his propositions for so utions ilncompromisingiy bluntand direct. Whm~e he acknowledged the~ economic problems f'acing --- 11 Indeed, -~ the sleeping colonyj JtpUD(EI I have for long devoted all the time and the .energy I possess and can spare to thinking about these problems and to assisting organisations andindividuals whho are working on them, and written or helped to write more than one long memorandum on t h ese problems, 11 uxxau1 he was making no apologies in taking"the view that politics is essential to the vitality of this country." He said, "No amount of d:f•JC:.tx benevolent administration, no amount of' effort that contributes only towards making a happy and contented people, will ever produce a people with a national spirit. Unless they possess a political organisation in which they share, and which marches with the destiny of the people asllC a whole. 11 detractors His strategy was to face his atiau.xa (they were already in p osition) ~ square~ {£'i{i~. ~peech, dealing first with the Press which had "accused me of being &Xlf)(XKDfJ:J]{ICXJfn a communist or an and of' 11 tryin~ to overthrow the leaders of' labour ~ssociate of coqununists~" ~-=••~-~~•o=•t••=•r~•-=•=~O*=•o=-aemb•~=o~=-~. in the trade union movement in Jamaica. Dec aring ~he idea tom~ be 11r1d1- o:•aR~••~~oi:a=wbo=••=•=comm-.m~••·=~Rde•eT~=b•=•aW-=~=v•P¥=~ .. =p•o~~•=i• cuious and absurd," he asserted tfiat he had 11neve1 pretended tb b~ a .labour ~-••c•=1aaow=~a••=•=comm\:Ul•••=••=•:=waa•=e-\Ulasm leader II and had Jt no JUAJCXXXXl(XD wish to head a union. %10( "The (Peoples National) Party is pledged toi;~ising the standard of life of' the common people of this couiltry. The Labour Movement is essentially involved in knowldge of' any Reds among communism tag, he denied/ >auocDKxlttxaX that programme." As for the his / associateslOO( and explained his own beliefsX as he .llCX said: "I do not b elieve that Jamaica will discover herselfby attempting to borrow the theories and social systems of' other countries xlik with totally di~f'erent problemsand a totally dif'ferent social structure. 11 Ae-~eP-•ae-&¼P•a-e~-•ae-PaP•Y Over and again he was to stress in his speech the need for more than an economic i d en ti tywi th the country if th_e_y were to 11make a real unity in our people. All efforts will be wasted," he said , "unless the masses of' the people aee steadily taken along a path in which they will feel more and more that this is their home and their country, and that it is their responsibility to work for its f'uture. 11 He charged that "the sense UWI L ibr ari es I r 62 of independence and the sense of responsibility (had given way) to :ta d esires •:f :for help and assistance and to infantile habits of thought." We had become "a shepherded people, benevolently and kindly led by still waters, with no higher ideal than contenmment and ease." We needed to "claim a voice in our own affairs and to :face the hard road of political organisation and the difficult tasks of discipline; to develop our own capacities, our own powers and our own gifts :for leadership until out of our own people we can assume responsibility for administering our own a:f:fairs. 11 EXACTLY A HUNDRED YEARS AITER EMANCIPATION OF THE SLAVES, THEIR DESCENDANTS BEGAN A REVOLT WHICH WAS TO BRING AT LAST THE FULL FREEDOM. While he was calling for a politics o:f partit'ipation, •··anley was mindful o f the :formidable enemies which the new order would throw up a gainst him. Among them, he observed would be "those who are today inter­ ested in, or members o:f organisations and groups who have hitherto had too large an access to the confidence and control and direction of our elected representatives. The masters aJll o:f the lobby and the backstair influence," he warned, "will not :face a de c line in their power without a murmur and a :fight. 11 He was also expecting opposition to his Party's progressive stance :fromthos iioixllitx:.iaskluirlax:iulllx:iux:fit:ihlDI "who look back upon what they they regard as the beautiful past --- the past of peace and contentment, and the verandah romantics :freedom :from a g itation." These were/ ;sl:utae "who lovenxJOt our thatched ~JMr-»•••• candour huts and the picturesqueness of Back 0 1 Wall*." With a/&llllm■:ax that must have :fretted a• some o:f his friends, he confessed that he too had ":felt those sentiments." He was after all one of the priviliged with a holiday *Back 0 1 Wall was a very depressed aeea off the Spanish Town Road, in Kingston's west end. cottage ••--•/ and racing at Knuts:ford who had lived with the barf:foots about him because, as he said, What long enough to "become complacent, "XiuuJyou see evryday you regard after a But the thought was not lost upon his time as belonging to the order and nature o:f thing s. 11 / ~•-s1utke-immea&llPae•y with all e~-ki•-•k••- hearers that it spoke immeasurably of/ the man who aa• wa~ his immunity :from need,. was placing himself am~~i 5 the conscripts. xp:u~i::11:gxJunl•.Ux .. Jaaaxftlfngnnax.un~n ~•HP" "We are not going to allow the old spirit of compaacency to return," he cried. "Others must live, and whether we like it or not, the old spirit which glossed over llXll•xtt•s inequality with sentimental kindliness is gone :forever. The new spirit must live and struggle. Difficulties and dangers are its hazards; more lire, its aims. And every man who calls him­ self a true Jamaican must work to keep it alive and to encourage the masses o:f this country to reach up :for better things and to work to achieve t h em." To accomplish this, to put more citizens at work building the new spirit, the Party would operate on "the old and well tried principle UWI L ibr ari es • 63 wo~a=assec=t of beginning with small groups that form theXcellsX out e•E*s=aRa of which the body of the organisation is built," he said; ==QHEaEi&a:alE ei=1eppa ope•ing a word association syndrome that was to haunt thehPartv 1 s ruture. is hearers a••-i.~&-J.it&e.(When Cripps later in the evening addressed/t.aem as Ji•*•h¼e eomrades, ::nucxnn~k:Xll~rm~n.xi that, and .,,0 -- ... •cells• made the old Bolshi~ 'bogey take on &¥Mt more hair.) The Party brganising , would in later years, faced with QE~iaa&kea&¼ difficulties, and cut its p~c,g~-• coat take the pragmatic turn bx•ncxamm*ac~s• policy/ea••a to suit the structure stated by Mr Manley the electoral cloth. But at til-i~a-iaa~~atiQay at the Ward Theatre inaugural meeting indicated what he meant by a xParty"modelled on strictly democratic lines." 11At the bottom of' the structure," he said, "comes first the or Party Group/IX the affiliated Associations. Any six persons can join together, form a party group for the area in which they live and adopt the Group Constitution(which we will publish at an early date) and the Central Party Constitution. In addition, any society or organisa- •on may be affiliated to the Party if' it is willing to adopt the Party's aims and programme. The 111J work of' such organisations will not be inter­ fered with by the Party. Only in the political sphere will~ affiliation impose duties of mutual aid and loyalty. The Party will affiliate with any genuine democ atic organisation working for the people's good. "There are many such. I need only refer to the Citizens Associa­ tions now in existence, already willing to identify themselves with the .Party. There will,· I hope, be many more. There are oth er groups such as the Progressive League, the National R~f'orm Association and Societies of Teachers whose interest and cooperation we seek and invite." Members of the 4 arty would be required "to sign a pledge of loyaltyto the aims and objectsand declared policies of' the Party and 'b support Party candidates in all elections." In the--•■• stringent economic circumstances of' the time, membership fees were fixed at a one beyond the official~••• fees the shilling (10 cents) a year but/ s~Ree-~k•-PaP$y-wew~&-~Aeee-ai*-$ke-aeRey we=ean=ge~ anticipated ~••~e$aP¼a• salaried class member.lJlbMwould be asked to "pay to the limit of his capacity." A Party Ward Committee would b e located in each X&J[J(/ electoral division of the colony to which each party group would be entitled to send a deleg•te for every 50 members. The Committee was to be the "centre of political li:fe for the electoral division." The Committee would elect delegates to the parish conferences bma where Jdd:u candidates f or central government and local elections would be selected . The Ward Committees would also send delegates to the General Party Conf erence for, among other purposes, electing ~-- annually the UWI L ibr ari es 64 Party Council. The Council and its Endo elected Executive Committee Party, wher e the "plans and would be "the h eart and brain 11of the •x«an.asiaa~mxkitXAm.._ programmes and organisation of t h e Party will be studied and worked OU t • 11 Mr Manley,in his speech, llzlil declined to d iscuss the Party's d e:tailed programme as this was "neither the time or place" ■•s•••••• since ile that would be to "betray at the Jt:SrJ outset the very princi­ pleI of democracy that lies at the basis of the Party itself " but he would speak of its aims. "It is of the reasons for its existence and broad idealsthat I can speak tonight," he said. "One of the f irst aims of the Party in Jamaica todayis to e ducate the people of this country to the true position they should occupy and to what they should expec t of their democratic institutions. 11 He placed great emphasis on the need for fH1tl.z.zze1 political education of the ••-•~P&aflll••••b•n• electorate. "I aay be talking as a visionaryor as a foolish idealist, but if this Party is to succeed, it will only succeed if it is based on foundations of a tharough~y planned and widespread e ducational campaign among the people of the country. They wqnt to be x.il.aJl taught what the Constitution of this country.xa is. They want to be taught what sort of Jamaica they should aim at for their children and their chila ren's the children. We dont want a g foolish electorate% at/ xra mercy o f every demagogue and unable to unravel the tricks of undisciplined politicians who regard politics as a means of self-aggrandisement. Nor canI we expect great t h ings of these people until we have raised their sens e of values to give them som ething to work for.~ ... Only education can bring our people to realise that this is their country and that they can ~ust work for its betterment and for their own.X f ~l(e 1P.9 iJ "It has always been the X- unconscious wish of the privileged r~~ to prevent t he common people of the world from becoming aware of the / 1 -~ ) power of disciplined organised political life as the chief ins trument of their own progress and uplift. Education in political appreciation coupled with education in the practical needs of everyday life and how they touch on political affairs is a first essential if an effi­ cient and disciplined Party, strong to accomplish its aims, can ever come to life at all." It was an extraordinary night in the old ward with the tiers of faces from ~ £aua g~x~••••• floor to ornate ceiling, solidly packed and silent to a px••XII~ pin-drop until the sudden roarsfrom the hundreds of throats which frequently punctuated his speech. R~layed to the thousands i he ad'oinin Victoria Gar a ublic address system f i ('f v, , //,'I'<,.. Cjyt,,,-1-, /;•t,lr_td. /tT l>e.,'"1 tlu1 l ~d ,. -,(.,1-I If)\ 7J:; p/~/p,,,.._, of the hired political tout( who a,.:ts.::-,the at the salli at street corners e~redK/with his three-pronged oilM lamp haranguing -{1-,.1- t 1.e. ....A ux.kamgJUI the virtues 01-...,....- • nx.ux client/ seekXing l..eQf &diMi,e ONE o~ z~ti.iiPlr .>ff'ice. Tonigh they were hearing ~ at as a Party, they P.A!RTYl could demand "1~ -&411" disci: line" from the aa:w C!ffii iCfn"'i; .,sac , .ti STATE who would be put u£.}J[ the_ par y. XlXJOOOCD:DOOOOIMJO:D[Jl)OCK:XDAQXllOOCX ~ rt:" • JJ-. I-"""',._,,-. ·~k /t-~,~1lf- - fir ~~~j':[tlf~r' ~ ,..._l ~ /iJ!.J ~ ' Qf-tl~ 1 , iJWA- fl::" _,.The starkness of' the division between haves and have-nots in ·~ ~ stood .U:x&aAIUla• clearcut in the harshest the Jamaican society then,wa.s-eew*a-R••-•--aave-&eea-•••e-liRJllu:C.ake­ crackling into life l. tr ...... .-v-l speech fiaSXJU:gil.S »kt.ta warn- ing and a hope. He warned that "so soon as ever a leader attempts achievement in this country, others _press. and surge to tear him down." ( g~~-..f!.9.P_~ was J"amaica ~ / that the Party would make/Jtt)[XXMlJUd "a real place and area~ ; £i~!tto:rThe first would be swift; the latter not late, but lagging. ~~ %Uxbli••x~El.'.tll he was having to contemplate suing one news- a "peculiarly vile" libel. paper (The Jamaica Standard) for ~*ee~T-lb-Se•e-e~-••e-a••aekey-Be-•fteR Causing -1111z11sldlu~~l:lm4•ml~xdlhmd\ ( I N DIARY) €rii.¥ii.Rff-abl even more caaa.xbx concern was the apostasy of' early colleagues who had was turned gloomy of' their chances. "Evidently the middle class/xa scared," I . he has said, "and others apathetic." 1BXh:rx.k.i.aE1H~ t ki hi d But personallffle was foing strong, . a ng s ream xda:Q: • Jlllli~ e-wae-Aewe¥••~•eii.RfS:~PeR@*YT/ aia•xa~xaxax into the reai es o~ lie pmltSµ%x-•JlX x and fierc ely axz.asi*••aa•ax••lixiagXJ1gxidaxuaa:mxbux:r•ax~ f'l.eecedi exploite~ ame:&tf q uashi es •••llXtlJt-ihe-aPB1y-•~-&aPe~•••De whose trust he an had to gainZ while ..._.. ....... R foregoing dinner not ...,.••n■w/the occasional. King's House JdriJmmMln invitation, a feat of' the balance somewhat overlooked in these days of/ taade union cocktail cir- ~•P•ie;~ii-•AePri•e-MiRie•epLe-•eeieeReeT ~KJ...~ 4tvi,., cui t with delegates equally at home in the Sherato1. }(' ibt; C g;Bi g e or Jamaica House . ~ ~ ff Iii 6 7 r/ i;p/v,..u.,f - • area se sone • the fie¼ c --1:.~ H ~~a~r y su rs ~ w a ening he polit1 mber was a the-- ••• iRg han , : / DJl N tion 1 Re Yet, if a f ew early supporters were weakening at t he political joints, some better timber, young but already seasoned in the fiel d , were a~ hand: the National Reform Association (NRA) had d iss olved itself' into the PNP , led in by its founder, youthf ul intesne lef tist Ken Hill; Ken's br other Frank, y ounger, o f harder ang.ees and equal eloquence a nd only littee less/ i¥f'icient organiser; lean, boyish lawyer Richard Hart, a f iery intellectual.; ; ARTHUR HENRY? GLASSPOLE? WHO WHO ~ people wh om Manley onc e described as "a united c ollective team o f vigorous and ab le men.JOCll2J ... 11 and declared that t h e "Nati onal Re f orm Assoc iation o f which N N Neth ersole was chairman (was ) one of my most UWI L ibr ari es 1 Drumblair yoke tree 68 ' most valuabl~ . s upporters in 1938 . 11 THESE QUOTES FROM HI S MOMOffiS -tt~a B¥=BQW•-Reb~aa-alpead¥-Aia .. Ma-iR~e-*ae-~aPee-e~Fea~s- But t he work load was au•••~ appalling whatever the aid he got. He was fully in the courts.- and bJlui.Jll8 relentlessly being engulf e d in politics. AJDruaomBqlrummfDJnmmn■mm~ There was increasigg ly l e ss time to in the Drumblair yard with Edna sit under the old yoke tree/ n*•+~4•a •a*kiBg -e~ talking about t he f rom .h-'ngland fu t ure. His sister Muriel (Dr Manley ) had recently r e turnedj 6ke-eewie :~i~~~=~i-~t~-2::~~~f~::~iit!~i,~g!~i:v~~:.:~Y years! ~mall, neatiwzza whose genteel good looks and beautiful y i nut brown pmsmtrnm•s• woman Dlfinqnmsmn.mhamil11111hanm•»dmdmamqmmmtmnmamun modulated voice ez~o•a=•=~~•••=ca•~•TniDBJlitmm~~, disavowed her quiet and nllomkdnjna" mischievousl(X hwnour, stremgth,( BJlmmmmhdlsm~ras■nrom'■VC1D1tduDam they were close in a n ll&XXcommentdd unaffected way. He / wartamum with pride and had not dislodged her essential Jamaican. in excellently," he said. gladness th•t t h e English years has "I am so glad she/ 11.aJt settled upplement to P 68 "A II rJo-r House select committee headed by J.A.G.Smith had been appointed to draft and submit constitutional proposals to the ~r~ aeeretary alt/ of state for the colonies which were to be, in essenee, noll different .I fot!, -1HJ < " from the ~ constitution w l')\"L e(,. emot i· on_ 11 and the manif estations of ang r y emo-C ona. 11 /' l''ft1".-.,,.-,<.f ~ -'J•.'1 tn, ,./ IVN ) j ~ I ~ ~ A - .,, c,., /~ ~l ~jw /i$:j;.r. ~i ,., .-.J • ""'A.",-..,_ CA.:" I ) (Sv (W fl~ 1, 11 ·'3 rJ. UWI L ibr ari es • l 0 The proposals brought .. , • JOttUX« rebuked directed at a severe/XJt■JUtll :from the party leaderDCXDOi JO( what he called the "chastened Council" sitting under the "Presidential imitation of Homer," referring to the frequentlx Jr&Q:iak whip-cracking o:f Governor Richards in the Leaislature.;t 1~k1~ /Ari as Premier / l;X]OCDJ: • Mr Manl.ey who was in later years to bi by members o:f his own Party Ii er ticised/:for his dependence on "experts", (SEE ARNETT'S TAPE) ':'as uncom- promising in laying down his dictum that "the prec:ise :form n a Constitution is to take is a matter for experts . 11 He was pa.x:.kb•i:•:r:t7 especially sKllfihg acid on his :fellow lawyer J .A.G.Smith who he inferred should clear•~ his mind X "of cant and of scraps of half :forgotten Constitutional Law rOTES "The truth is," he dec lared, "no one who spoke had taken the trouble :AN- even to run through DO( an Encyclopoediafor the purpose of randon study JID rNE of Constitutions ... And. what is worse is the total :failure to grasp the :functions o f Government, the relationship betwean the Executive and the State on the one hand, and the Executive and the Legislature on the other. REally, no one understood the difference between Responsible and R~present­ ative Government and no one saw the point that the key matter is the con­ trol of the Administration." He dismissed any suggestion of a diarchy, pointing out that the CEylon constition had :failed to work. XX "There are limits to d iarchy I t I Legislative and no one (in the/Council) saw that no sane Government would try to govern i:f it was wholly exclud ed from a Legislature in whom was vested the power of giving sanction to government's proposals." He li was again to leave no doubt of the Peoples National Party's in stand on sel:f governmentX XK that statement:* "Do we want selfgovernmentI ever at all? Then ask for it now. To ask for less is politiczl childish­ ness. Do we offer any compromises? No. Let the Colonial Off ice say what less they K propose todo. Time then toconsider how we will react to the proposal. 11 .i 19J9 declaration \ The xa:r mid-June/Q .. nxwas made before the :fighting in Europe ha~ an easing in the hard begun, m:aXJ1XllllJ1XJdlau a happening which would see/:.tu:x>D:rp:t•gx:r11x:r11ax~ PNP adamant in his demandll, not I n.■ line ~rm»llJll!lll • but :for now, Manl~ wai, ••Qxbz MRµdli~b r' then for absolute self determinat;tgp but " c-tha't invo:i:ves ia,t :for "responsibility for internal affairs, d# ull and absolute c ontrol of the Admmnistration, limited only by the Constitutional safeguard of n who broke ~ith him veto power." Trechantly he chid ed his critics SaUxxa•a•xaaaxniutx~•-•:nitllll •xu on theOC fact of the island's size, that* Newfoundland was self govern­ ing "with a population half as larg e and twice as poor as Jamaica. 11 I '/./, , ~ f., (4 ,1/.'' i, r f UWI L ibr ari es UWI Libraries ~!754~~ ./L~,~:.. ~;;, • ~ ruu:T"'-it-, ·'tf~Y~ 1n - of Npl1 .,... quote th• I ~ _/.') rZ JV~J~. due of Wa .... and the following Noe .................. . ···•········----------- , $1):M/ ''w __J/.1'~-N ~~ ~11~ ~ ~ ~ L -?h~ J ;v✓ -1 _i;',l/'II 1 )ti ' ,/' ef -f11" Y,rffJ J(! 11'( ..,, J 7 f;t ) 0 S' f 4 -.,.,,,, .., ~'/I , J" , tn>f>i!I" >1.f j V ,,Ji -_,. 'II '~ 1-rn! ,, h 9 C/7 N "11 TV .d ?l-f 17 7 _a ( vv t, tr/"',, qf :fl' 'tJ- If@ h 'f/Y7h ~;,J!, 1l V . I 'i I )' k,m1/ ,(-""f"VUI J .(\ f . I , • l ~ i L }1vvtl '-1:1-1- L -vt<.(,7 _ ,wih , . f 1-J -41 '"1f f'l'{r "f _,,_.,,, J ),/..,J % ._ j ,.1,;'ixf ,? crt't J >"If" V f ""! -. t/ M . ,-:..,.NI ~ nvf '1r7' , Y flf f' 1!:j.'?/~y I "' -cl ;VV .,,- - "'v · .._,r<....,? ~ wl.., -,V, @~ , .· . t;~p~?•, .~ .' f(f) 1· I . 9. ·t'· .,, . :' • ,; t'\ \ / , '· ' " • ~ ~ i-1e.r -~ , ... · •""f~ - "C11 ,.,..,,.~ ~ ,J >tprl • . - '-"~ "-,rb_~ ( ~ 11""""" "" "'.1'-" v-h (,II? /"'~l 7 f/ I 71 (/ t ti, UWI L ibr ari es l. • .. I • 70 CHAPTER y{L f vA,U ~ ;Z ~ 1111,/hf w-L!LL ·fo yJvfrv &<' ~ 1 V) t~~ • wir-1 ~ ~ ·,!..//y / r1"fh,y::vl.JI., ~ ' "Britain would never have won t h e last war if the press had refus ed to criticise the government of Mr Asquith," cried the Jamaica standard plaintively in.the summer of 1939 (JUNE 22). The newspaper st~ictures o ~ . was talking about the • 1eet e£ t¼\;-Os••~i•l ae ■pets,~· J a,u,1,&.-1; v,11-1 o 1-1.111/ 1/1 µ} G~ ePftCi>r Sir .b·tbur ~ eha.r..ae -who uas tben begimJ.ing ~•-...,s'""tI"o ..... w- t'"-be ~ .'OvlllbL"( )7intransigence with which his regime would be mark~~~&.fiflxiftJuul ' J . - / He was muzzling 11-J!ll&xauulxpi".ttxdllllllX , .,.. 1 AJ'io 'fHt; cxa11111•1tXJllaXJ1XllllXJIIUl~&XJ11JIU1Jlgll •~ ci tizena. and legislators .t1ouse alike by preventing public meetings and choking off/ debate DCXD1(X He was becoming X:a.Ju• on any matter he considered controversial./ XllXllallx1 Underneath known. Ba .. ua the facade of ai:mas:vt«.kx .. aa Oriental imperturbability nerve ends of :i:JIXai:IIIIIU violent had been exposed/ ~•~•~• •SxU*UIJJ••n•DKK reactions to oppostion which ~ shocked his subjects. His bitter rebuke of the critics of ~~ and j hot noon lunch us the relief works (fifteen cents a day for• swamp clearance to relieve unemployiµent) xa:akxu rattled th~ few friend s he might Serv1.ng to alienate -the l.ast was his c/,',,p,~ have made./Hia later legal kidnapping of such widelyAs••• bod Ken & Frank Hill l critics as activists Bustamante,&JllixtiaEtililxa and the •~xrlxx "~.;.,.~ f.,.!,./rr.Jc,. u ,,,j, ;e. Jlll➔ n,1,>,iul t,f>,.;f,JJ, "'"°' ~ -He w_ould uni tel(, as never harmless sports columnist G. St C Scott r+ llEf before nor since, the - ~ &JllllXx iut " •.aiilrlt ; rt ;tAt island society. / llKm:X Blacks and browns,. ~eii! Chinese,aaii ArabsJXX1'0(X and Indians,'tAL xm~.x:aai:&il•ax .. axJR• &aa&xlaxa&~ ~ would patch their differences cautious and the bellicose .. Xll.xkO llllll%•x:.blxax and JIX•~m one of the most unusual x■ appear jointly colonial e~xlDli:nx in public for/&J1.Xasaaads and certainly peculiarly civil rights -x.lllllllX protest ever seen anywhere. But it was wartime. X&xaml Richards could invoke his wartime himself a veteran powers and rule virtually by edict. Manley, wdxxk•••x•g and the noise . 11 UWI L ibr ari es In - or repl.7 pleaae q11ot.e tho daM or WI Wt. aad tho following Noe .................. . . . /'){'1\b}it01o j/, 6ff8rlb, ~ct "Wv ~c{ 'jl~,. ~ )/,: 71:,~ ,.., I n-tl- !A r1,, c-i , 1 ~,1_ err. i ,,i. , x, u .1 -~ a- ft. f✓ i '- fJ tr/:I? ,u d, c u<:h-.A pv1-n-~,? c tl ~--1 ~ !;j' -tt1.l/d'rj- -f)x f5 di:,C .,., ~ .c//z ~ ~, u,1, :,,~ f-v_.,..,., v~-.,.:fi~, ,_. oil.~ "1.12..t 'l.t,,.:..o i.R_h p~ co/ 3- l, .,,,ft 7/.., !;/'1--.fc, z\-/;'c ,1-._t l1/u.,._Jli._tX /~ 'Ad1 C( • 1 UWI L ibr ari es 71 allow year-old What ~uld not/u, ~~. #Ax;'was *• the death of' the/revolutionX, xusrxJIXjtlCai'. ax or a""'reiaps n~o the old complacency." He saw that this would be the case "unlessa vigorous political lif'e develops and can ally itself' to a strong labour organisation." (GLEANER AUG 15 '39), Ct '1~ ~ remark which makes it clear that Mr Manley seen a that the growth and strength of popular •awxaax ••/ ~•«skx•fi%uXJ1rltt:t:sa.i: •i'.XJlpilaa po 1 it i cs had from Xllll ther urban and in Jamaica/xas two factors•qn~ an rural,would depend upon/momxui;ai1iance of union and partyX in areas of' mass employment,. i.e., :i:Jl citiesx and Wafilllntations, and xx• secondly, lllµ•x•alCX •~x~:t•Uax the small cultivator. The f'irst he was working at/xx:.tiaxmx-••xaaaxnrax•~ xttx e- ••xxu:taxaxwazxis~sxuuux-.iuiax••zxllllK• in a kind of Christian diplomacy, being11wise as a serpent and harmless as labour leading c 7 ouein Alex was showinK a strong inclination to find his a dove"sRnce~lready xaazaxrmxaxpsxxaa~x&.a .. XB.XA~ax xxaxga.xiliJl ':':h own xq t.~ t~~i:t~~m~~~~e 1 :~~·no doubt at that=•:uax mom ent/i~ time whom ~,... ..rM1 ,!ll~~ri ty ~ a11~ ,, ~ . ''l t, .. w fl / f'\ ~(A;] _IL /4, ?r,f{, ~ 1 UWI L ibr ari es \ \ SUPPLEMENT TO 73• -~J- j lLJi Cvttvt.;.. Nvd,.,.X:.~ /./Po /29-7.. -di • .,,.11~~~,;;.,i-c,.4:J) part icipation several o f the younger men whohad for y ea r s b een studying trade rmion p r i n c i p les and were eag er ~ DIil t o bleruilmX try their mettle; among them , t h e t wo Hi l ls , Ken sterl ing , a (who was t o turn out ~•Si' a sup erb organi ser JimnrbhmnbanlJllililm ae~•x a:rmx mKE&mIXSIE%rlax:µ_» ~ xikIXg~ xxmmiatllXPm»KX and an i mportant f i gure in int e r nat i onal t rade union) , .Frank Spau l d ing and others . :::; --,-&c..,,.~·µ, ,,,,'-c - ·'k!r~f · ~ ,-,,,.,, i,1;;1£., .vUJ I.;, tit-1,f- a ~ fW-rAf l . eacn dav • ~J '7;7 _ «- - A few months earlier , Nanl ey had w6ndereu nn oes he know what I reall y think , or I he ? " They respected , but d i d• not necessarily like each other . Manley has owned to "a great sen se of superiority to 1.10s t ... though I deeply admired all men of 1,1roved wortl - UWI L ibr ari es J l ) l UWI L ibr ari es 11111 IIFf~• ~ p.'/;i; ~ .. J;/(· . ' , r / 73 CHAPTER ON TUC 's CARE­ TAKING OF BITU DVRJ;NG I NTERNMENT . ALSO, WHO I NTERNED ? ?? The Trades Union/ cy.uncil f was led by Nethersole and h ad F .A. GJ..,asspole as secretary. ;.{-~bz1'rez~lsza XBXZ.ile•~~~ 'fl\e= -O@W.:\t! J bag a ~ to the unions, ~ ear~ Q,.f'/H3t: .. ¾:18t"d to -be~ _..,_tin I t senate JOt'-~~ • ft '- .-: "' 'A house for i deas and, hopefully, before they began, actions. Presided would l over by the trusted Nethersole, it/a•e• ~a¥• give the PNP a high-visi- already . bility window over the affairs of the/lill~eAe sprawling eA~ and growing BITUJlll1lm9•rolM!ft ai;td ;i. ts ~ft&~aaaBe a-ePBt~a•e*e maverick, unpredictable leader who ran it like a "Joe Reid Court"* and was ae-aie-~P~¥a•• . m gaining a reputation for black comedy.** * A legendary court set up for migrant West Indians in Panama during canal building days amdmpm.,ad•wmp with a Jamaican, Joe Reid :for judge who u~posed his own fines and/or unique sentences. ** Busta once fired his assistanc St William Grant and him­ sel:f~'dllfica • ..,.◄ee• 19f·:MhPII 717 WW from the union, then instantly µ , , reinstated himself as leader. ··rrwE /H IH u i.J iJ ,J..u i!J-Z, Nethersole, an intellectual wit with a rernarka.Gl-e capacity for strong friendships in every level of soci~ty, was, adml through his tragically ). political ~~(. short/ life ~oted for his frank appraisals of men and mat•er,s. He once • \ rf f\ .:Ut.;::::r:np de6.~ 1hw ... t..t1, in Morant Bay on a public p latf"orn wi t n/JqlT~JP:i•'J' ~ at his elbow, {JlaJIJBIUUUl d eclared that while "the Party came into existence :from the . . . ' ... .. ~ / £2 . d~~ idual effort ,and dominan~ e._ 1 of Mr Manley, it was not solely 'bn , :.,"?f~I ~ i :: If Ir .W • .~ e ;(pj (Ml. ~ L -.._ ._. •·. t. _. 1::e.,n-t. It came ~ ertetenee because ~ $1 U□¥nd:Yf'c.~titn~~<: .; :>Clmec be:f.)i,Oii?j :t:11:;§re haa:ieeen a pressing need :for some form o:f expression of political opinion ... an . the :foundation of the Part And when the c ondition that mad e the organi­ ortune and well t.imed . 11 in one particular area became so intolerab le that there was an outburst of :feeling, the outburst spread universally. And it was that circumstance, perhaps above all, ·, · UWI L ibr ari es In - of repl7 pleue quot.e the d&t.e of W. 1-- and the following Noe .... ...... ... ..... . UWI L ibr ari es- •• 11 Manley said, "I am glad that we have started at the bottom of the ladder,~eP"for now we will climb steadily to the top until the Party becomes the instrument for good it is bound to be. 11 Xllxx~ The climb would not be orderly as9i~liT~~l•hew~kT as an ·• l ' the Party was~¥X g ettil'!t closer. It was nstrument for good, •ksc:BmBrtiilrlaoai. ~~~:in> •iiillUlillUU certainly on hand to save the labour movement :miliUllru1Jma at ~aesgeaiasa~aBalaadiags the internment of Bustamante. ~aasaidei.J;aspekeasaBgmuta•ae11easamaagsasa ~Baeasas•AasaMaai.e¥ , .. UWI L ibr ari es 75 CHAPTER r~~ :A_'ltl?;US':-t ~::::EE:~9-~oil-, Mr Manley stated in cle ar terms tze £aet t hat t h e PNP wasa Socialist Partyzza z ~~~t to thos e who had "not regard e d t h e Party hith erto as a Socialist organisation . " Th e ope n declarationH~Z~a%~2ZZ was made at the Conference H~20 in the Coke Hall in King ston. "Now wh en this Party was f ormed," he said , "and it is necessary to be p erfectly f rank in stati8g this, its orig inal prog ramme was not a Soc ialist programme. It contained elements wh ich are common to liberal and socialist thmught, such as the public ownersh ip of utilities, proposals for the public ownership of monopolies, industrial mono - polies which is in itself, socialist but might equally be accepted by a purely reform movement "Socialism is more than the mere ref orm of the existing system. Socialists and Lib erals alike may a g ree on thinking that social services must expand as rapidly aan~nmBiilhma as can be so that better edu cation and free and more easily available med ical services, better provision f or0 ~~d a g e and hmi.@hil.aue heightened standards of living may obtain for all. But all these thing s are perfectly con­ sistent with a Conservative policy~ C~~ matter, they are not necessairily inconsistent with a F~•scist p olicy . Some countries which stand high today in the rang e of imp rovements in the standards of living ofthe common people and in the evolution of social services afe ·quite frankly dietatorship s in principle and PFil~~ice. X NlilNMJnilNMNQMl!fSM:lliMWMM. . . Hmrutmmkm:am.nmmR~mlllllBi:mmma His thin highboned face in a light sweat from the/ crowded hall, he was especially emphatic in of the seltdlnlllBJIIB.SBDl..,rnmm consequences which could follow the adoption ~ of a socialist policy. "What I wish to stress,'' he said, "and I do not wish these propo­ als to be adopted in a .light-hearted tiasmmm spirit but adop ted with f ull recognition of a~l they embody, is thllt they should be adop ted with a f ull recognition of am~ the fact that by accepting a socialist p olicy, one accep ts or should accept the obligation to learn what Spcialism is, and learn how its principles can be applied mm in this country and ~ w they may be exp lained to the people." F ,Jgt1) / his inno~ence beh~~m~~ ! " and or ~ I pmm1BmV111 •n~-p;-J;;;: ,.-, a ready battle-scarred from encounters wilh a hostile press, RJUm1asafme knew that in the long years ahead he would be face d by a free enterprise establishment of UWI L ibr ari es : .• ,:, .. .. : . . ; , • • · f orce foresaw t h at he would need c onsiderable/~mwem and implacability . He nmnmmm lulUUllIUD.ftmM~ • ~--rt;, .A-Up_/J..r, H. a,..._ ~ ~'l't,l k (,,J~ (i..1. i t,z,Q,-/J tg,,~==111''d9Jlff.Jo ,ftj.ng ~e enfranc'l8.sed mass ?ii tl e uni, = "~s:oe-ian'' bw 7i.P up.on \ilJ i c.a-he-co epe~ _ba:r:.x;.in~1:1~a-c±-aT' Bfl~oute, ,?~WU.- wa Q-~ - :i:t-s"'il.m.mbnm:amilmruhm advocates . He warned that: ":d:i:.;1'/ h wt h-'Vp,,,..(_ 4.ee . 7/i;"~ • .t:IJ,4,Mii'J'1't1; Pv-< . ~aw,;.,., ■ . ~ must be prepared tiil-.S~et ~ b itter.-t oppos~ion ,~ , and -~ bitt er~ disapproval f rom those to whom Socialismt tJ#'T'llt"l ~11 • t-t- l'h~ r 1 'f'J-.M---~ ~ f}, i?r vxU<.e J.,z. e-at-i:1-" ,1.ffr)..Y TA wyr ilia enemyM ~ g?;t➔ it i n volvee( a demand for~ c.-p:J...e!t:,e change_Ao;f-~-.~y<.,V ,-~/.:-;-' - owned; / A1l t h e sources o f' wealthin our count ry and in the British Emp ire a r e privately owned ; and it is not only a matt e r of saying you will distriuute more of t h e pro£its of t he b u siness t o t h ose wh o work f or t he b u s iness; it is a question o f saying t h at t h e business shall b elong t o the workers . 11 -~ _e..., ~ c. fri -/1.4 v'-1-.2. w1-/ ""'"" t i:v...J4, ,-...d>i't.'t., ,,,.,,_t, ~, ~4, t~ilAa~ ~aw. 5oc i a 1 j s 1:1 i~ t:gf .t~ ti~. whieh-w:o\lld o~ ')'I c/,r.,.,l,""3 ~ .,t; z:-,tdi ~ -~~;a_})~~,r zp, "~ · ,.-~ , /Ju~ ~M ,l ·,i.e~ "Socialism equally involves a vital transformation of' t h e ac c ep ted a c tual existing organisation of societ y. We lllllmn:fiamti:u1uil:amm.11n:i11b.il ailidlaeaaBIUlae were born i n t o a society which is ordered in class es tha t mo re or less preserve their relative positions one to t h e oth er and in wh ich certain classes unquestionably enjoy enormous p rivileg es wh ich und e r this systemcannot be open to everybp d y a n d will not b e op ~n I I -A f'-ro /( ,• 4':J .;a..._"t( to ev erybody, Bl'UBBJ!llUleama•---~h•• . . . ~ =:ts Ofrl.¥ Socialism vmi a~ ' .) "is founded on a b eli ef t hat it is possib le to organise a g ~uine ly~ {;l;alitarian society , . ar:::F, 1-i!'.y- in which all opportunities :Tf't z;!: { far --crs-pess-±ble--b-e equal and open to all persons , subject to t h e bas ic necess ities of preserving s ociety~ 1·such a state of' a ffairs c~t i~nd e r a socie Ly organised on capitalis t lines amrl:1 ~ ) only in_...a-8~ s w le't y ." So t he s tag e was set for the hot and cool rela ­ year/ minawalUIUUl:rufinagaJiim. tionship with the i deology . Such was the temper o f' t he times, with a world ~7 war escalating in Europe and mtuailJBll.linm:fuutliue visions of t he E~~Bzgfz ~ a p ocalypse strong in men's mind , t hat it was easy to see the UWI L ibr ari es ,~ 1; f ,._ I/ 11 ,,..._-rd,,1. ~~,-, e,.1 fli- v 1;.J1""'1 - - - -········ ... • .•.•.•............ ·····•··················-··············•·········••··••··••···············-·········· ........ . ···················toN • UWI L ibr ari es old world in ruins. 77 g ov~rnment .13 Ineeed , Manley saw the postwar/ mmmmme as between ~ two choices: socialism or1ictatorsh i p , wi th the only exception t .,..,.. ti lrl'l I.., 11 \ being perhaps t he United state 11 "fo r a g eneration/ because of its power to expand its economy and because t ha t country regarded Socialism "with f ar g reater aversion t h an Nazism."* ""e was pa1ticu1a1ly sevexe(on the O}S. at this period. "The system that t hey the U.S . aim to preserve," he once said, "is one in which the t h ing they are supposed to call freedom is said to But h e . exist at its h i ghest possible value. 11/ illa was not being unreasanab ly assorted harsh since at t ha t time, t h e record o f lynchings and/ WU(]Of)Ol b es~ia~9tes by tbnue wh ites upon black Americans was phenomenal. ')/ d,.i.l ~ ;11%.rv j~ .,.J'tir'/4-Pa ALL THIS CHAPTER ' S QUOTES I NGLEANBR AUG 29, 1 940 _i,1--:t-V 1 ~ko/ /1..~~~ ~hl With t he goal t h us set, he was constantl-y urging t he Party •'I-\ f//,r9d~ ,/ "''•,Jti~./1-'Y members to study all face ts of Socialism the mselves an0 so as to teach "t;f;--~;- t he constituents what tiutnn-• they would b e voting for¥. "It is idle talking~ about Socialism ni to p e ople wh o h ave not the faintest i dea what ( it ) means and who will perhaps t e ll you: 'I wont even own my own wife let alone t he suit I h ave on my back. ' It is t h e business o f those of us who essay to lead, and p rop ose to work, t o underg o all the d isc i pline possible to master our own methods, and our own mind s, and our own ideals,so we may at once insp iEe our f riends and confound our foes ." ********* Manley has been accused o f being a doctrinai:te p olitican, at least in the beginning s of t he Party. Bu t this was not true. He saw Socialism as an i deal t hat wa s very subject to t he c ircums tances of its application. "Socialis m is not a rigid dogma," he said ft.. " I t is not embodied in any finally r e v ealed text. It is essentially a princ i p l e o f social organi­ sation wh ich has t o be applied to the particular place . It must qepend on the particular con d itions which obt ain from time to time in tha t p l ace ... W~ are embarking upon a p olicy which will involve t he most intense study of our own affairs, our potentialities and t he opp ortunities that open .... g~ore us for a rea 1.J:t,r •ion of our own prog ramme." ,){- a matter of fac t he warned e loquently against • t @Illa. X:t "When people accept a vi e w t hat has the conviction o f relig ion, you f ace the immediate dang er o f dogma , of all o wing y our t h oughts to be tied into nea t littlle p acke t s , care:ful l y lab elled b y othe r peopl e and p ulled out of t h e righ t p e g eon hol e a t t h e righ t moment , irrespective of time, p lace or circumstanc e . " charge of bloody-mind edness and Th e / bm:IUUim.MmmUlmrlUUiwft anti- Christ wh ich was to be t he c ross o f the J amaican years of' the Socialis~as already being 1-'arty . S) at t h a t d e 1'ini t i v e d rawn up in t h o s e e arly con1 erence , NZW~ ZMIDm N. W. UWI L ibr ari es • .. ,, 7b I , • sought to allay h is foes and prote ct himself from his f riends by IDID@lillll!J den yin g any bias f or v t ole nce or irr elig ion while f r ankly acknowledgi n g t h e presence of· some " intellectual communists ":i in t heir midst . " I t may b e t ha t t h ere a r e in the Part y people who a r e wha t I call . . ;because int ellect ual Communists~; JllUO(IDCX there is no Communi s t organisat i on in J amaica , the i r Communism has to b e a matter of the mi n d , no t organisa­ tion. Such people indeed are now in the P a rty on t h e unders t and i ng tha t t h e y wor~ with and for t he Party and not for secret aims of t he ir own , be they Socialist or o t herwise . 11 ~fa""c( W~ll, t h e y worked wi tl1; and f or the Party, g iving Ji strong >:. _j_ii-n s I; /Jet,I:.. poi.,fk,,.;/, {f,(ft:>,,,,J-~ i ~~- ,:J'e-15 t h rough t he years o f~ t h31, __ ~reak with Bu~.~amante ; build ing ~ ~ • ~ ~l(,tt,;],"t_ en..1--1"TM //Jvl'.J 1/o f.4.!, fii/!i!i!JX. -- ti i;,n,ur[ ~ ~Mfii~aiir- f RLe.r t:"'o/'r~.,.e a n 1tnanana:aa1n1a:ilcum the rightwing arm o f H/JA t3/3C~CJ4!c:-'- H '-r# P-v-n 1.-1 r7 . -"~ -:I- t he Party w,,.. i, .b~Jh.d-i,,i:- f!o-tmd it e.H' f'ioult to .it=&r oct . ( (,,£i. 'l'H't.o.. C H A P T I!-: H UWI L ibr ari es . . 79 A brave l i ttle mee ting of t he BITU executive a few days f f ter .l:lns t amant e ' s internment pledged to carry on t he union ' s work but / t here weak. was heart to it, the muscl e was/ mMl!MMMMh{ ae-eN-W~~H- w~s - AS~BR-S~RA~B&¥ %ui·xx Those - iSH-SA ~ B- QN-~HB-S1! iK x::tx earlier defeat s .eael-fte:h~~~ld not' ¥ - l:S- *~--•~ - 1!;!; -~AA\tl!,b -A _ ;i; b _ have created confidence in/Xll ability - S~A ±~~~- to battle ta~ employers . Unable to maklexmxxkxkRa«xa:µ score gains in the island's largest «m~x•~•lllxxx»JQl source of emploYII}ent, the sug ar industry, been , as descrioed by :Manl ey , "dragged fr om which nuw1m8llUID and having /mee:z. :illlW:ma~.uit i n t o;,~ v·~ A &'1'14 strike" ~nmiunhtiiis.mn:du1m they been t he Union was as short of funds as wa~Ee zhe z aa~ bar e ly extricated , / t mem~mzmmmnm.artmmammenmntbamnlml.19ptlniutumliliun mtMmt~l\:111 leader ship. ftmnrimmmh~zszg:z.zft~a~tz~~z xn Busta ' s (and the "f,n,.f(.(_ \•."""~..,. f , /, • 1 ( 1 ~___Ji/J:Jl',...~.1,, 7 s p lit with the PNP/¥on after ~ ~N~mz~gz 0£z t h 0 Council was"'""":Formeamay rv /)\I _,, 1 ,11~•pt>s ,_,;f<~t-,1 f}4. wrlJI.J strenghtening also have damage d tlh: ::1hla1~~ e-f' t.ae Un-J::>e:n )because of t h eiv~™mllll!J feeling .a:mang th~ for s0z0z x0z:t z 0f order and pattern in t heir affairs . old warrior tactics, superbly suited Days of May The/z:azz:t zzgaiieE~ as they had been for t h e / mmgnBlIUilmmblal)tql f illing the pay ~~IJIIJI. were not/p.111~ . .rt11im~nn.aB.hiuiiilil.E1.IZllUUD?Z1envPl opes. ~ emze:z-;ghzj-jz A;~ The dues as t heir interest in poli t i cs increased ; p aying m~mbershi p d~indled/ammnJIU9ruiumJilfulBJV Man~ey coul d writ e to his in New York : f riend W . A . Domi n g o/. " I feel sure that the workers a:re no~f begint:ing to ft a ve real confidence in the Party. '' f'&,,,,.,/4,"'<- 4 u ,;n .r ,n.)/7 : I/ I!. "fii.,1:, (Ar../<,.,. 'ti f'_; ttU 6 ,,,.tl --ftt,1, r; ,Y.>7l~ ,ac, 1< and lilila sparks ~ M:fl e w • The t inion came under PNP leadership/ t11x.:thz t hez a:z.0a a i.m0s::tz:tmr.ne~ youthful, intelligent and 2l.:tatez~~ z as t he/well organized Party ee.ae;i,e:a!:tv elemen t _s put :t0 into stud ied ,.;,.__ ,AL,,U,,,.,../- practice the theories they had so enthusiastically/~ twe er t1 re• years . The Party strat egist ~ ~aw zbJnarb . sugar , the island I s b roadest and most intrin- lJ< ,,. ' ~ , ,if '-r11 / ,;, ., . v- C'"f') sic industry, s 1e =uu:u= • mos p romi ing dlmm f ield.If £or regaining llllion - -- an ad ~ r 1.Jral /It~ bda-J,,t/ p ower~/by the industry ' s presence in ~ y;paris.hc, save Manches t er(?) , a / ~ t he most effectiv~ 11}..J:?2.:i-uru for spreading/ the political g ospe l in t h e collll.try . ~~;..,/1 u f!6t.__,.,.~- 11<.- conflict,r As in~.Jie as:a.l./ waz:s t & SG1, s ugar had taken on its wartime i mport- ance both as a Mltaq;mIM foo d s tapl e and an ingredient f or e x plos ives.,plast ics ~,_.~·Thei!::~ycl i mbing cos t of livi n g j -:a~taPa!~~R~he workers offer ed a clear inducement for organising . But l..oy-:rng hard a gai nst nmnaihm~eam:mm~:ihlll¥Jllmanrbm £... NY1tv & fflNMOOibntnilf.Mftfl!i¥NlllihlliMQO)IMfflil~MD1BM»"¥1iMNliiN"lOOOtlfMJniWNlOll!l11'ltl.lffi001Ji™ t hese p ositives 111.ammrbmm were three centuries of unroammmm isolated lacking any national cohe sion . I t had b een hardly a JQr sweat for c ommun it i es / H1tlnO{)(d/ • ~JDUffl10UOIJDO(KldIK1i10ilOIXHJQ1 ' ~~" ?. C • ., ..,f..J ~ ;,~, Harold Allan • t ne P 0 r t Antonio stev edores mhuubn to WPVk t he - AJt MAe r OR~FiUiU,-~a-tr~~~~i e i!.,s~~e Kingst on dockers had struck . /H~- was7e:ae - t.a¼:ag - ---~ -- - - vto~~t t he idea of trade ~ - was aibmm f h~ ll'llDlD nm opposition of employers t o/alll1IIJllwsftllU[ llllions~ ,iJ'f;-0 t r~~i:--r 171* •(,,{,{.) / ~l s i active and virulent af t er two years . Tight organising and total ~ ..n'-,.,.l,.J.. dt?it'4 ~u--✓ w Qou ·T· · B■BA!l~ loyalty lllllllllJll t.:laie::1ilt1:!?,~~±5 :6oP 4N1¥=:R:op:c:.;;..rf saccess . But t here was /f?~1.Jc. a,!~ an even mffl!MltlliM more u~m~aae~• discomfit ing opponent t o c:mat2ewpl:ai!-e. Manley's p reliminary 1U1uunMaaaa~nuu111:imhiilB.mpllJll{JIIllllll noises about the state of sugarworkers UWI L ibr ari es .I I I I I brought quick reaction from Governor social t hinking as Ma nley had f ound 8 0 ' / I Richard s . Surprising liberal in neverthel ess him , h e was / mmmmm t h e Kin g 's man in J a maica,in t he middl e of a world war; amril h is job was to d eliver sugar t o Britain and other F I • ,:re port s concerned w~ h J he war effort . WGvL'r) j).,.._g ~ ~v( He ~ not a.Km teiN have cil@'YA!ll5!!' his subjec ts play.tt~• wi th p \ -&- t ha t lot. And he so, in unmi s t akeab le t e r ms , warne d t he PNP - BITU 0 had t he earmarks of a leadership with particular r eference to Manley. "I t / :pwem•i,elt:eil•r•~:ea:e despei;-at~ adventure ," 19&Jio1 Ma n l ey once r eminisced , "b ut a ne c essary oneU unionism was t o survive in i f WB:tJIUIIIDDDiJIODIDII Jamaica. 11 ,, It wa~/ ~~i£.,~8;,;~~i mi~~~!:~~~l th e way wh ile t he country waited troubl edl y was / f or Ma n ley to join his cous i n Bu stamante i n t he army lockup . I t / mm a tri ­ t hal; he bute to Manley's grasp of X~ p ractical conseq uneces / spome a nd a c ted his ■rol e as lead er 1·n yet had to be / with no apparent loss aR thrust and/ mituhdidi stayed loose.art/ - aao c l oa k a melodrama p laye d for wHGN and dagg er s tuff , / weww••••a•w•••••••esv r eal ~ he stru ck t he sugar industry ~~ 1.1 Manley had seen how M■BJi•mamil.a the BIT¥Ae tg~£~h lack o f organisa­ ~IP"I ; tion had been clobbered i n the wat e r fron t strike. / fffll!I disarray had l a st ed/ J t/-e ~~~t he union h:~Wid Ufl to JU'lemmm• the time he took ove r lea e r si:p~A*ixpossessed no f unds conf"4sion. So he took ae SMMlfflfMMlt a lDalJPI little memb ership and was absolute in its/ Dso~d•reammwmrmamDE, $0zhezn~ DDIIHDIIHRBlODOIDQ:lnNlllllld!B..!!NHRB2!~--ffJIR ituonmlaamlaqam/ Ji -~luiilf'uHtnlu Ii "'no • ~===~limamill)i &uBU5~uuubuuu•uuuuuuuunHuuuuu• SRB~lllQil(lUOtlmldSRIU■hllRh•IUdRllltBRBi.BRnBRM z.cp~l~r~y , t ·he z cePgaRieing~ preaching a return t o union loyalty~ ; and a s u dy 01 i1illl strateg i c locations for t he a tta ck on the sugar manufacturers. .rst The PNP ' s l on g and close work in t he rurals now s tood them in good s t ead . The dec ision was mad e to strike first in s t Thomas , / ihparish i n wh i ch the Party h a d built its f irs t constituent structure and had named its ~st cand i date, Rudolph Burke, for K legislat i ve offi ce . combat team of ded icated ~OllR8 militanti: The PNP/BITU~aoamm.aam M&lllma ....... fanatically7 ~x-•••••• .. me turned theor obdurate/ t~~f into t h e eastern p arish and commenced a M,1 back wind ow dialog ue t hat hardly 11 :rose a b ove a whisper and ~ scarcely ever waged in~ daylight. SEcrecy was its . str1n ~th, The threat ofGovernor fear or e£a=~asa~9R•d emotiona excitement llllfi among the Richards' powers and the/ ma~::J~~-"W,•eyeP&s~hoioaov~eo•oao¥O¥O•o•~•diOdo workers whJ.ch could, as it had do o ten . in a hundred. years of industriald~J•7t mu wm~mm•~am•M■■p■■••-- MIDIIIMMexe¥11Yer••e• place them in t he , ,pie l,'t i 11y1i1n,1, Cl- P) p ath of police mmrnrn•u -M:attE-§lA , rifles, gaveAthe strike drill#• tastzcal J(aJOIIIMJOtNJllOOfll .irnp,.C!f.;ar~:e • MJOUl~IOIN)l(ftfli~HMllmnman neaananilha:mm@aJDUul1:1i..,11m...,pw,µ., ........ .;l'lriBmDmnmiummhaBJbml NMNliiNkNB~JfMJ!'JlJlfMIUtNJIIJOflnbtlll.f ,lilOllffllt}iltHJO!IJOUD:DCliKHilillI-IlOil:liltH M:hfJl10fMIOlll1Nl1NJtlNIUN)l(NOJ!Oi100tNl111MIOi)m)OtXIOODllilD~Dhf~MflillNl!INltOOO(MM lJNHK11110Uiillrnlf.MlfDHKqJO[Kl{JrKtth K murmrmDJl#•l •W1Qffl1DEJKUVBHEIOIIIE +,.,,.., Manley s~ 8'!'~ found careful men in every ~e district and appointed them delegates. These d rill- st d tails of the time and conduc - or -....._, --- • ~ zai&id¥,on bible, by lampZ%ihZ D candlelight. Cm ~he eve 0£ the sh~ UWI L ibr ari es Pfve, t-~vr--k,o 8 1 ....... it.llJt..,...._ ••• ~g~t••• ~I•Wd•Meaat8)llr.Iwla.ahdal*----•*ti•o~~•Y The s trat~ot only~~~b~ts~nse of ,mn>ose and respons ibility among the~~s XE(:aXKU'~ 0'!r'eTT"ef"1in litM organisation --- the iiJrmmB.dlnailaqJ1J1naamn.al:amliudBnirufinml1JDJIJDil111B■WIW>Jl!lRlll nub of t h e KllilXll p olitical training continuously a dvocated by Manley in t hose • ...._::st (O,?h~ men ~ee-aet e:rR Ii' 1 Ls!,. early rlaplUDlfi poli t ical years. TheJ'~JilBHMJi\1MHIMJil were urged :fiamJnnot &~•Xllfx to gather in public lest they invite police action;mmm t o stay in no t more than twos or t hrees . ind oors:DCXKX and if t hey went out , / mimtumnor1eulb'h:m11unnn:»:UnJlll'lntmmo11~ J: ~ By strike call, Manley had himself sworn some 500 people. !ftill.Bftil~he ~ before ~ L..~1_ ~ A~7 e,pl ~ -f'v. ~.i /PvVn{ j}.J lL , o <-t-½vc:J ~ t&/Z'..fi 1 {,h-J 1"-vl-1v-, f11 fti R.-►~e, .,rt,'? ~ ~Kt,i-:1 ~,1- pR.'2{;1-.,_/ )~/ ¥ qjil~~I 1t was MNIM cloak and dagger stu~f but it worked; and because o f it, Frome was not re-visited ; /obody was shot dofor canefield s burn t. ~i:k• The strike call was made by a force of young activists who went from notic ~s under the doors of the estate workers . It ~~a., , ff14 o& ~ no crowd s, no machetes , only a ~~±i:x~ silence in canef i e l d and square. ~ 1,aunch ed (_,. rhe strike was successful y / and t he agenda immediately leng thened : Next Clarendon , on the list would be the vast sugar estates of V~re , l!l:&mJ1liU!li:0111z estate n o tably Monymusk which, like Frome, was owned by the W st Indies , ~-fw_ /t,{ ;ft;'~(.f 1-,'t_ '' h £,':, ,1 ~ ~ -{~.A.: Sugar C0 mp any (Tate ~ Lyle) ..... ~ , :::, . _c..o, ~ cfJ.q. c r-J.,,......_.,,l'>ifl.1'. , nmllllllDl:JISrn s lvw;/c_~--r 1 f' "" y / 'f .. , , w.., ZKZZJKa~2MJMSM~ME~~MSMZM:e&a~tM.1'1MIDiljM~~tMZS~M~MZM~MR%Mllll0001 The ,politic al minue t which Governor Richards and Manley were to be contract ed for then and in t hf,_,,~ ,tuturetig~a~eB another turn around the uzz room that auf~U'~ R i ~ rds who had been in Britain ~Wjoieaf• .. 31.a'!Blt•ay•••••!)a~aaJleil*liaila1iap~•••_.•a~•••aau~•.Mlebapee returned at t he crucial moment of Manley 's decision to close the ClarendonX£a«t0Ez0s~ estat es . In f a c t, Mr Manley was down in llli Vere with his now fami liar bibleyseE~et swearing t he strike delega tes to secrecy when he was summoned b y Riahcards to King ' s House . The · ; per~m torv and ~eee•~•eey summons conveyed by motor cycle courier wa~/01¥ nmnrnam tnr · penchint to play the King Artur , Ylaxltlxx» very aware of Richards ' he b roke off and drove hard for Ki ng ' s House arriving around mi dnight. just but DX Th e ~overnor proved to be t he/ ~m•i devious~n manu- pi~ator whom , if Manley never zi:kee g rew to like, h e could a dmire so , worthy . .-:-:---:-:-:-.. a0 as a £iisald I 1« inteleectual opponent, g ifted to work ,.. &:tll the~ 1orse-trading insti :iict 7 I come ~ ~i:xwk about i t•e believed ~ with/\guile. 1r.,.,~' -:.§~::;~1iio:t~ , ¾ ~ 7 ~ ~ Jn.. I, - ~id# , -==-~~~~ ---------- ~ • "-- 1 ',. I 1 1 1• ' h /d--.;;;_-/4-. n-it..:_--1_();_ c......--n, ~--~ -L~- , . --~ .,....,........ ,-.. 11, ----~,.,,..,.,.,,/j~G__,%.,..~0:--J{--.r-.;~:;::-✓-. ~=,w-:-. t¥::--: 4 z:'."::'?~· ~ --r-- fv IF i cvr ·ti, qr,.e,.,.f'>-f. -4-,, .i..C.£vMl..1..£ .n..: (L 14- .!"o r ec ts , a white . ..,1 . . .a m tf' ,;.ad» ~ -w ~ l .--06,!..tr~ -av .., « &.r man , and a w~l d , unmanageable one . ..-... " . __ , . , , " 1 J. ~ a/4 A f)r(k ✓ 1DU f),. • e,R. wh µ ~ A.. tt¥r c,,e,.ck_; "'1 L"" -k ~h. wt. ) -n,;.. 'IV f' ~"..,,....._ ..M... L,<- -fl." " ,, ;J ~, ,Nt e Wi thi n an hour at King ' s 1Ibuse , M~nley and Richards 11,, 117.ov? reached agreement on a fo r mula fo r calli ng off the' work stoppage on /lii;,,;tJ-4 ~ /7,J &,All!'l!U'('-'O,wn"-W-l!l-J.1"':---, P7o #-;-. "iL,t i plan w.bj ah I e , wages b d 2g b±ccl to the cost of ( a. ff-( >-', living¥ . The formul a provided i mmediat e wage increases and a vm. tia g t,,J,1. .- -,,..,..,, a,,,..;,.6/, ..... 1 guarant ees f rom t he of t he ~e s t a t es i n t o cat egori e~~~ ena b l e a x~za z z £0~ l a r ge manufac t urer s . 1 mm~mm l osse~ t o ±kR s m~l l suga rmen who ~ou l d 9e h it by fiR a ga i ns t ~tt~ x xa~~:t£az z z zaz :tz 0 z ea~azag s 0~zax3z zh0 z zae:r:e ase heavier payrolls. Ri chards h i mself woul d 11persu a deK 11 the big fe llows t o fall i nto lineX and t he g overnment would bear half t he burden.-.i- p c: ci1eer1. As in h is p lans for t h e estat es ' strike ~, t he mov es wer e s ga•• l y solemnly ..,.,·11.. ·/tr ,J.... fA1 "'~ f&c4,u.., c a tt-t;,..4~_, cllliilli Manley/negot iating f or t he BI TU :t11z s :tZ1a &~JUi flll ~HH~ , ~Af!i: J:-o --1i,,.1_ ~ ~({_ eM Y c1tr1e:t, . Ri c hards1- sumrnoned ~ oys aoillfet~ ~ :n---:tl.t---a-;l.e~~~X.XKDO{](XK 11We NMNM)lMNMHMJiflt1WaIMtffiNMNMJ.JMNMMMM a r gued and negot i a ted but i t was a s; t hand , " MUZ]Qt s a i d Manley with a t winkle . 11We b oth knew , t h e SMA a n d t he BITU , t hat we would a g r ee . " *MAKE A LIST OF THOSE INTERNED . UWI L ibr ari es ' ' . • UWI L ibr ari es fJ 1 8J It was a great triumph £mrzzae 0£zze a 0ez: szz~ for the Peoples Na tional Pa~tFm hhad provided the leadership so sorely needed ~ f< .f1..,CU-./J by the BITU ; ~ which was unexploited by the Party ~»x since BITU and the PNP nobody foresaw t he approach of the time when the llUiilmnmiulun.rnaunnlmJn&e would be irrevocably split. Manley in later years often/gi:iftffl ~~~~U~~~l~:te::eeew1tirh:e:e:eih:e hll:9'ef:e:th:eerle :ys those da~s the union, during pride of xx« x z~zm0J!Ukx of ascendax:y when ~wriamnNt e z zaemmnzm~m£mm the 17 months of B:~• incarceratillll.';'~lll,ver lost a/M~8ll1i:e, was his f 1 pr_, ~1:.,e takj,_n~/ fil3! 5-n~~H~ 1iihgt their loyalty was to the BITU• " ;:./e, ~ i,tn,,, 'f CA,. '711{ .t.:,. ~ii_ id£,; {(.f#I,:, ~ ~ exhorted ~ n ever to forget that "the Party would lose its function if it ceased to represent t he cause of labour in all issue~ ." , L • I [J._ C ..14...t 4 r.e.p_re.s..ent ;tne ~ ~1.J-" t But i"t was .:t tougn71~e-:re,t,:rese:a~ whe some o~ur best repre- ~ .( ..as~ a oublic sen~aitons were being r~t~~in .!.~~our d ..- LL • exorcis eX of your motives • . ~ichard I s " -·~ rtlfti flllliilil ~detention of Bustamante and W.A.Williams of \ Marquis , the H; ll brothers_., Richard Hart and W.A.Domingo ___ __,,., ~ causing the Party to spena its energies in working for thei: of t he PNP waf'/ ~t:titnr~E51:'e:t:€DmrtamfrfBlnm'~:rieh!elalte11giiJel5 release and denying tliey had tampered with the x waxx:t:sx kB.R.FJ! lock. Jdxl.lc:,az~ ~~ ~ Xe!Mii:X:DOiM10¥ The s tra t egy .adz ~:xt:a:a:v. ,c;a;s;e;s was t 1 t he _cases 6~~~ ~ f~Y C 8Rt im10us l y rn t he pub 1 i C / Rµ- • ..,41Mtig 11 ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ $"' lBOO!\r the newl't:dia , from street platforms and ~~xgx~e~~~IU:i~~~~~Xlffe by. / Bz:xzzs.a t~riends of the Party abroad. All the se d eqianded continuous_,-/ care J JiiMiie more so oecause of -- - . --- - -ri"il"A'· t axteztz0ae ~are~e~epo~~~~r~rr~ suspicious compatriots who c8~~a7~~e 0 ,.,.,, ..... .,,..:•1•· n-... B.ustamante; s de t entio-;;: a fine chance for;fftnley to seize/1~J•si nal and political loyalty of the tra~ unionists. The z:1a.0zsz01a insidious propa­ ggnda gained such ground that ~an:a,..y had to fil:~ about, € xiu his 19~ ~ that "' A- µtum.h ti.: 1' Ii., 12vlka.d I esidential addres /layi ng/x«R ghost .m~sxa~zxgx£±ax±~ • hat I owe it t o dele ates present as w 11 as to myself to deal stamante's detent·on (and to c l ear up) t had affected ax trade unionmovemen a md was designed that effect p ersonally respon ible Rxm fo r Mr Bust not having appeal from his f'latly that that deliberate lie . as the leaders by and the effo have tha t, Party are release.-M-The c tJ"°J 12 1' IJ IV WEst Ind ian Affairs in the U . K . l d likeyou to t he t hat l was able to lie , a every publicly UWI L ibr ari es IN ATOR Y = t hreatening WU:ltWJJl CHAPTER 5, ~ TOO BROAD BASED TO BE A "par t y. " It had b rought several Manley' s PNP was M P'lfJlJ .IDi:lmTJl:1NM:~ai1ii ~m Mi1 H.ma.wmell'llb.tb!1Ei!l.l:1nlm.enrtmanrnm organisations toget herinto a national "movement " . * ALSO TAKE I N AT BOTTOM . nau1p1ohmn:baerl:unftpannil'r)runl WNMli..TMlfl!fN:llflJ Fairclough a.JlU!i its orig inal f'ounder, had foreseen an "opposition" when he took h is ideas to Dr umblair. rua:mem not/ hw2wewBwnwtn•gWsawwmk*w.mHJiwanswmwr •¥ku~r auww)fp•nwirli!cw and so Wkaxz~aNZR"J'XXN« The fac ts ofthe day asked food and f ace for the p eop le :n1 ~~~identities were what the union ( BITU) ano t he party (PNP) only AJ4l.- .KXM set out to l!l2':i.!l.F3~ seek in t he/xxxxx months of sl si1 l tt te- unison t he two were ever to known. The union neg otiations/ ~~~B~~!!~ 18 ~bh:rl An d successful. with de t e rminat ion and skill, unrelenting , llfit ruthless,t'The Party pur- sued its eNae~tz0a za n0 propaganda unceasingly as it created its network f/district d . h . i • ·1 • ·t l • f' h l o groups an paris organia at onsx w11i e pressings is c aim or ome r ue . It \,las a landmark year . . s•~~~~~•e~1tmen~ for Manley, whose already towering prestige had secured a g ratmitously strengthened foundation by the union support which Co~le 41ains had been made Bustamante's removal brought ./M:flF"fttergaene~wherhr a e ehaerm~n e r am0~ in overseas l ibe ral support n z tae of his polit ical int entions could name - drop Creech Jones and Stafford Cripps and the Party/ ~•ePeaeeasyF~re~•e•t~BeBneE z ~~., wit h t he · "~ whom easy assurance of shirt - sleeved gues ts. The alar m1, among Xtho e e /Manley call ed the "old men of Duke Street," the/entrenched financiers whose cont ro lled most of the island 's old line f amilies/ eaer enemeBeFe~e~e..eese&HBBeeax commerc e , rose. ,._ "l"l ci v.il right~ The monolith was not either cons~ier.ed good eumb or cF urrtG /J,14,7c'~. The/coali-cior µp~ w11.ich {ichard s ' ~ ficien tlyB~A=~=Jil:J;J;E.A:SJ:E=E:¥=R=EWA=R~ r=i : t,t I er rule had >:-rt;., created among t ".ttte two mtt jox mi~~~ie-s·, llllBlllm b3:acks and Jews! one Bl!lru:ilaib ~-- f orc,-re a s on 1 t I t 1 _ smtflrtls~ economic and smzmam the other social 1 had los t its Jfin1I1D10 ~ rnbhrn~u1muJriltll@. A ,,, America11, arrival in t he war and t he t:hinning ranks or- !i.f2.~ .?.,.,.d ~>Li<. mnqgmntfi / wewe.:w:gaef i:b:r- mMMMU"4MMMliME'iminat ory subia1arinc~ in th<'se i•lf'Cfyies. ** **~o t !'or the first time in Jamican history had u lacks and Jews wii t ed L ~ . , "' . . l/,J-.. • ft.; A /J t, l,ftt~I 1'11,(i✓,l.,Vl.- , ?J.-vt ~'- µ,,,_ ,?60 /k/.. D1-f?v. n,,,1111ffi(!'~v, -Mif;jy(i;./~t1UN • ~~ ~~ i°nly C . G . ~alker 's F- deration of Citi~ens Associations was a v~,e - declarative · '.'P<_>li tical. party" and even tl:is had been formed s y eci:fi- i?:, . cally for municipal pol1. tics. The l.<',.,deration eventually merged into • the P!'-P. l'AKl!: I l\J .,./_The_ Party_ ~asr I?-o:t, o,r~anized as an e l ection machine $" , " says V . L.Arne t , 1 .....,._ l}»i(.( hv.,- -ti,:n,-1'1 J ;+,1-(1JT /Jf,/J"o/_ ..u;.x fr.,') , ~T TOP ~/1/!_We were no t i n terested in ' good ' po litics. We were a movement with new ideas , particularly that of self' government and we taught soc ialism to the people ." ----------. __ :___ __________________ _ R:th~ Ric11ards '. a very :fit political ani mal wlio was later to mak t he perilous crossing from a Conservative-appo i nted Colonial governor t o a Lauvur peerage , notwithstanding uis enlightened support of Hanley at t he UWI L ibr ari es b 5 t}giEe trail sugar strik<> s, was not one to lose his Ill on the ffse.lU 'fl •1111!911• lld,lm;:M:ntt over t he other bucks .·* 1tJ the PNP through concern/w!i!i&h- ~he-&e~~;o~t!t@S-,IJl'-'1 Wi t h llanil~ so high in ascendance , L(;t' '-'D I C Qi L2"r he A :for one o:f t he £~x times in his career , / lllffl!llli ud:n11agree WITH THE■ Duke Streeters that the balnance needed redressing . lie let loose Busta­ Of his release, mante . / Busta tells an eng a g ing sto ry o:f being taken ~ &xx a x xJUtxJt.axxmxa:± Busctl@cx1xedxlxsc~ ,aax~~)i()CD(~~ ~;x:~:xtxo(~~~~;,c:xl:mc~~ :from h is cell :for a recreational motor ride through t he city »x b y an army officer and being turned loose on a side street. Hp stoutly deni ed ~ XRxxmu that he was t o be f ree d . any ~ XKMkNmwxxm~• p rior knowledge mffft~ However t ha t was, at h i s release , he set aboutx t he PNP , * As early as Spptember 1940, Manley was able to say t ha t Richards had "adop ted t he g oals o:f socialism inthe language of a s tat e sman and a thinker ." (SPEECHES , PAGE 65) d ep ic t ing Manl ey as an a r c h plotter whos e scheme t o take ov er h i sf a:x :c111.111 :i:nJCx:Ma-R±:re:y: union n~a oar e 1 y been n i pped by h i s x•±xax• retu rn . S i nce Manley had the year before been cons t rai ned to comp lain a b out "old• s t yle scandal­ -n., ~ mon g ering p oliticia ns " spreadi n g U ~ /&.;. ~ Ip, vn._~ u' o4. ~ ~ J r umours t hat he was '?£~~ resp on- sible or Mx Bus"fIDnanbe not baviu~ lloo:a a b le to a pf'l eal :froffl a is d enunc ia i on t~ oa: e,.e~• Busta' s Ul::lz 0 :t ______ was no t unaccep ta ble ~ UXJ a ovo~0 6 _ f anatically lie ki:x/ axxJt.aii~;i~a:e.&~%0&±-i=eU,owel"sx d edicated c a dre . 11'1.'he/1:ta. ~ d Q._ to a affec t ed the party in its r e l at i on t o t h e t r ade union movement and was de s i gned to have t hat effect," Manley ~ii flatly s t a ted . nucn :ttlC~XlUOUJ-&d" e.~f~(rld PNP ' s / ru'ture wa s ~~1i:a1e,,l,;z:- e :i:H1:i:a:iesae~ 1 b y t lie charg e. "&#J;,~ Xro l e-a-s -p Q-JH:l- 0 r 111~x :iiax xa:i~ ':t•~ union k a d w~~ int o electi6n v · c t ory . <:::i ~ , ~ i~ - - -=---- --...../ al p a1 ty-Jfflll reeei.v:ed a.,.(s""e t ba ck 1'tftrt decade unt i l 1954 when it s Qwn {Nwu ) 44/., ~ 6,&-•"T'IIIJ ,:,f itsel f and was a ble to oo!:;'t t h e part y UWI L ibr ari es While the Party d i d not abandon i ts urba n destiny, the hostility of '/1:tJ Busta • s city forces turned it i:* int o an~:.ari~~~ underground orga­ moviIJ.g curiously nisation WNKltlfx tixmNxw~ just under t h e skin of things ; often,~aigaaBt made in public tak~ to ¼B- 4 ts-seeFeey where fear of reprisaJs/ wx~axK« its adheren~s/XK f u rtive trough nods and f aint smiles of recognition ~ ~ the me d ium of a c leaner collar a r the careful conversationall. ambit. 8 "!t could show its muscles at l&~u ~ ~ Edelweiss Park, the/ :xm.;g open apron of concrete pavement xux~ on S lipe Road where Marcus G~rvey h ad made h is headquarters years before. xn The ramshackle two wtorey ~opd en building and t he ti ers of gal lery became fi e forun 1 or airing PNP benches w:ooxxdx:R:oox:~xlxec ::it:iall!m~ llWllWmmi~ mi:tiilm moli t i cal ~ ~ i:l!l:&.ill:S::+ opinions and ideas ::wxecoecJacixoedc. ,-O and was pro p tly nicknamed the "- Outside / 1e Yremlin walls , u , ., 1 ~remlin by friend and foe alike . ~ B~K« Busta • s r Umbuctios forces .J (, '("f '"'If l E}a_t in_g_s l. swep t t he city clean.~:xbhecxwemdxonc~ / ~ of PNP fo llo;wers t Ql:>.sn•a~e l tere c ommon and only t he uno f'ficial bodyglii.a r ds of/stonyfaced young 11t1dt:i:x n:i.s faNatics secured the leaders' sai'e ty. I ~~4 Put jf' the streets were closed , there w,,.,." other OJJen.Lngs ir.to ~ not Tl1e~e were /ef -, •.. ~~:~t---~-~-i.. L_ !-_ __ ::~--~~- ~- "'"F s could or wo1ll/}c:~.;::~~;= 1--cuetrate . llriril=~~;::; _--- - - -- ----- - ... ~ t He private llomes o f t he c :::¢1'1t:i;:bM :!:1:t'\:i:a:e=::.:i:e::&l:e:­Pen , '{\: f; .,,,1 el:2:aa artisans and clerks i n t he ~ulJur.Ds of' < enco t , Jones £Qllte:;: Al nan '.rO\~n , ~'rankliu Town , {olling ton Pen where th8 nightly 6 rOUi.J ,,1ee t ings h ~ att ract t ne of kept t } e fa i t h/a}!g: spread it t.,ently lest t hey/prn:bt att t ent ion/w:w"@m t he r ~t,~/ stronc., arm goous ~K who had a lliec t 1 ems elves to 11 ..... abour . 11 1' or this was t he ,_)at t eru o.r t Lose earl y years ; indeed , the Pi"P was consi<.lera t., l y re:::;ponsible f'or tue i dea of' aH u~;ward mobilityk wLich;~nP!~t¥, tJ,e . . anu if' it d id no t ~ - . /2 Jaa.1aic,an 11 •11w leclass "t.e =i.be :=e = ea~ al1,1otl t u p e n d ee:I t _.1. pyramia , certainl y fi- 11 ) f'att ,He< its waist. Hanl ey"'** f'r equnnt iijl)ied t h(' group meetings , effect - f /0 /, ;,1{ h -l~ >I ~ ~ .,f;-J.. /~ (d/;.-Jk1k HaP -yeYT-tHe-stPeets - wePe-sa~eT-e0 ee~ t-• k ••&-£0F-~ne-eePBeP-~e;i­ t4ea;-~eet~Rg s-wBeBe - tk~-eFatepy ively spre a d ing the g o s pel~ in face t o face ses sions newspaper articles he wrote for Pub lic Opinion. l1e ;,p&rt icularly in t he city; slippage had occurrect~,(that his role as a friend of' open hostility deep ly eroded by Rusta • s e s $ ~~~de since h is release and through th, was aware t h at a labour had been 1·rom detention. Hi s ~f/,/f 6at sincere ai'i'a ction for t he rurals and h is continuous p r Pssure i'or land r ~ "fl.,,,,.,~ ref'orms through land aut l.1.oritie s and a state uank h a d also g ained h im I ~~ 71 I' g r ound among t he middl e f'arm e r s but th,i power ful voting bloc around ~J- p...a ;:1 t he sugar e states we~; was locked in Bustamante's union . His ste rn denun- ciation ofht e Smith Constitution whi ch mlillB would l e ave t he ultima t e power ove. • (,qfc"IL ' ,i,Jr,,, • in t ht: h ands of t he En glish g overnor*hao 1·ir1rtly plac ed .lazlll his p arty i n .---, (!l,v--ll • .; ... ~ oN~'5 .it-ll.i. ).11.t':!-::---{'J-\/1-"' 't t he rol e or unoi'i'icial oppositionM to the e l ec ted members ,~ m~ of whom(???? ' I -- -~ ·+1t lf IVl ()t/.4. 1 wi t h a p ragmatic ~m1minmmmmri1mig bound ~ ~ Busta ' s bandwaggon~ as M" ~ general electioni: under a dult suf'frage loomed JUsEM • -,<.Q..H<-/ . yi ~ '\.J.AJ \. • V-'\ 1 ~J, *In a speech at t he t ime he said: "The .fear t h at the e lected members HAVE SHOWN AT THE VERY IDEA OF SELF*GOVERNMENT IlAS I N ITSELF proved that these. men no longerrepresent the feeling of' t he country. 11 (P 120 in Rex's_ book). UWI L ibr ari es UWI L ibr ari es CHAPTER ~ (r,m,...//'v.- D{~~- Manley /\. race at 51 years old . ~ Ji5j i u 1 9:,d r, Mi entered h is first ele ction A driving man , whos e energy was leg endary, t h e ~ six years between 1938 a n d 1944 were neverth eless remarkab l e v ev en i forhim. )IDt~~~XMJOOt~ He was always the most sought after ~ attorney obf 1 f:-i~ttime and his / ~~ilfil political leadership with the pu l.Cl. y att endant plidnihmm.rilifu}tcast him mp even more strong ly in the litigant/ s ' eye.~ ~~~~~~~~~riod includ ing s u ch 7 ~ celeb rated ones as t h e • '12_ f;/l~ ,':JJL w C HIJ P-f~ - SHORT LIST OF CASES BETWEEN 1938-44 In 1944 , his / Mi:x eldest son, Doug las was at Columbia University in the United Statesj. read ing f or ki xx»xxkBz0~z a social science d e gree ; Michael was a pilotJ,~ officer in t h e Royal Canadian Airf orce. His wif e Edna h ad begun h er ~ free Ji £ame~a art c lasses at the Institute o f Jamaica two y ~ars bef~re 4o f ten - u sed as t h e reference point of the flowering of Jamaican art) ~ .;:r xxgarxl!lRl'ix a:xx..illxarxux:ax~xfiJCx xx.acx::ti:~x~BDIXXH~rlbutx and ~ x was editing FOCUS , the literary anthology w.hj.,£,b an] ; ~ ;g Jes,; gi·ee ~ 1y ~ ':';'ct the island ' s young writers. In t h at g ood year too , she re c eived t h e f irst Gold Musg rave Me dal*to be awarded. Against that b ackg round o f wifely success and filial endeavours , t h e idol of Bni.eteF- gFelilie6y the intellectual~ and a grudg ingly accepted flag staff ~ t he left, the ~«xi:xi:xa:x campaign for t he 1944 e l ections ksx• had a hope , IIUl«xx x~±x flair x a and d istinction t ha t Busta 's hastily t h rown up labour p arty could not match. Nevertheless, it wa s p lain except to the very f anatical t hat t he labour party wit h its heavy base struc t ure in the working class vote, wou l a claim a majority of t he ~ 700 , 000 .q.ad voters _o-r which under adult suffragEy'now r eplaced the less than 20,000 cy,,-~ Bx / t he earlier p rivileged rolls. entered Manley ica111~ a::i:~ 1unilx11r:i:i11K~~~ the 1944 campa i gn wi,t.b, British g overnment • ~ yroclamation or a n ew co~stit u tion ~ea ta¼R~Rg .n~ theAe ~ e =me~••¥xsnee~sx~ul/ f&ght z~0~ ~Hi~-a~H~•- sH~~Fag e-~R- h¼ s -ePe - ~~Tprovi d J :tbla:~:x:~xmc:illitua x the unmindful of' h is ~ &xxxi:»»~ cir­ &eH~ ~-eHrrFage /vote f or every Jamaican adult Fe~a~e¼eee- &~*A•K~ :.blx x 51a1N5~X cumstance had led the figh t remorseless- as unchallengeabl y his ~ e PseHai panache. He ka« AUx»i~x~~xx~x~~~~ieq and with **** th~x{igl:d l y,/coup led it/x» the equally destab le sel f goveri:un~nt doc trine t o ~ti.CE :iN the anguish o f the o i.:1,t ;pa 8'151!' ~ p ,,11,u}..14-> the 1,.....,Mffi d__+J.,, poli t 1cal and lab our 'll¾~DS- wli;i:e.a-aFew--fF;i:~l½•eRet4gcf!!tti1'fe g • **** v a n d/1esser nobility of x .kR exploiters• . . of __:a,o . gave some :respectability ~1a w.w The const1tu t1.onj Nov ember ~ t h (1944) eReea-&H~F¼gR~-9F&wR C lonial - 'l x»xB to his ~~~~K~~ s tatus but left him unsatisfied . Power st ill reposed in the En g lish g overnor ruling from t he Exe c u tive council of five civil .,, servants and King 's House appointees , and five elect ed members .* What renampd the House of Represntatives. A f'unc tioned as a k ind of House o f Lords a~ simple r evi ew power . Voting a ge was J2nWm~~~t2 d~~~l 9dvand _ new7Leg1.slat1ve C uncil with ~•xxxxN.l'lx~x b xxbx 2 1 ~ . was per h a p s even more disturb ing ,waec.xh ave inc-.lu ed .Iasspo e . XK.t:-!:i:~ ,....-----:---<.1,er. 7 k~ ~ ,KN u: thei~ s t ruggles upward 1i (1.Jl lfJl -r,,., ~ effete ~e " i ~ le-.1tp1' z.!!:» wa:ell& ~.t:~u.g~~•unt~wa:ll-!~ 5.K&i!ll!CTIIElif ?Ste • /h T-).1'..f unfortwrat e=i~ ~bl-y l.a>;J0u1it1g class~ had7t h i nned t hei!r b l ood. They had learnt to "behave themselves." /Jnd were t hus no match for the shirts l eeved hordes who sang As statement "We wili follow Bustamante ' t i l we d i e 11 .nxxxxm1marnXXN:fx£xx.:t.J( Manley in politics prof'oundly be l ieved in organisation and p l an,( an obvi ous l y reasonable assumption but not one to RA~JUlx f i nd instant favour wit h the uncons t ructed ind ividualism of a people who had nev er seen any cause to take pol i tics p lanning h~(amptly seriously . xXx .ka:m/(succeeded~wit h t he union ( BITU) during Busta•s d etention icquiesed to for but that had been a positive, quick payoff in hi her ~a ges and job an i r onic twia of events that the labour security through unions NX~XNXXH«XXa»ml!itX strength . It was/x&mllxkxKmx&:fxxx«qx .:t.ka:.:t. %kKXNM t heir respect for organic polit ics which had received x .t:57 R«N~a:.:t.i:IUI t hrou~n Mr Manler ' s for t he people was to prov ide tlie fu crum committment to political educat i on/x&~x X~x»~x*ux ~±atMKXk ca t apult which would/1~¥~~ Bustamant e int o polit i cal leadership . The organi sed gave a ~ XXK staunch , tight core to NX~ Busta ' s waterfront and sugar workers/wB~Bxlti:SXX%X«N«k~xix x~~&xXxx:s o t herwise hl:e«l!lllli::N.~ loosely spread ±a»»N.X ~art y followers , the former especial ly/~XBxi:~ sharing t he of jugular labour ~ eFeei~;r ~l!l.~'id2IX negol;iations . xx/legend••~/ •• their leader for / .:t.ni:x-~Y~ek-aYa ae~QYS ~ Manley ever x:exm hope to saw t his as basic training for any troops he could/lead t o. the polls strove to so instruct his party people. ~ and/x«~Hat:i:.JUU:):Xli.XXJf:sx:eai.rl.bui: And so he could refer--:ro-) t: 'vf1/ 1,,-f i t af t ~;h::ee::~~i::f:::v~: ~~:t :::r:;:u;os:::c~~~! :r~ : ::e::=~ '14?cxl am.I [unbeat able)~ for nineteen constituencies where we political development . Go through the stodd and you will find that we were never defeated in any one where we had a good g roup structure. And let Comrade (Dr Ivan) Lloyd b e a witness to the value of (thisJ, as he) ~fig!~»x~ i gges t single majority obtained in any constituency in any election. 11 UWI L ibr ari es set d own accurat e l y «KXXXX NRN ',.- .... rnan t e. for c es . lxii.il•xx x:ai:x:.t•i! - Th-e G:r·o out of" iill.1t:xJUt.1ui a securi ty need agai ns t-.. t h at t ime control l ed the suburb ~f Jones T'Owfi , r e Blista­ .,&X.dactludx .Atich at A ~~h'i v e .oo f' ~ ~XXXltJC».A. narrow s treets ans small houses mos tly occupied by artisans .~~~ A k ind of dis~io line was im Qsed onthe ~NP minority . . ~WK~KX+~~KX~W~~x a x ~ BX~XN~~~~~~XIDC%NK as their behaviour pattern necessarily tigh tened under t he enI'orced regime of care x«Nxxxxxxxxxxxxxx in moving a bout the subur b . The/S~t{1front boys were s till Bustamant e ' s ; . t he s li~htest a rea dy shock troop that seemed to spring out of t he ground a~/•~ iif~i:i::ii~¥h{r8Nief . 11/I~atl~a sucha response t h at , in :i,'pbruary, 19 L~6 , ~ ~i~~z t he/ill~¥chin g m00 behind Bus tamant e (and h is h enchman and f inanc e minist e r ~ e-,,-(C Pixley) to t he Ment al Hosp i tal / wfiie l ¥i ej Mj;~g~~e~t·121 Urea~ing f h e PNP - call ed strike o f ho spital staff . On t he way , t hey beativ!cffiii Nicholas , a PNP member , o/¥g~ e1~RlKz cau ght alone a n d in the open., I'\ tis~. Tha t outrage served to hard en t h e PNP members wh o , al t hough t hey d i•s c r eetly continued incognito excep t / I~ groups meetings and rallies , were soon , in/~fuft~i~ion of the hostile gkze:t: J LP "Chief", packing h i de -out guns at t hei r ga t herin~.* ustamante and P ixley were indic t ed o,-4'? • fo r manslaught erand a trial ~la Port Mar ia --- a venue change that indicated for t he f irst time Bustamante' s ~=e"CS/~ftlmrri~~~ losing t hP cit). X Freed of t he charg e , t hey returned l¥xi~x Aii~xgfxi mad ly~celebrating crowd which ~.recorded their e lation by_t. a k ine licks at ASRa&a -rBey- weF~-~Feea-er- ~aQ-e~apge »p:Xllx~ pxn.g every known PNP head in t he way . It was/ x i~:ru:.t. t his Dl!llground ofaji~i¥~ii~xiit~itl~H~t ~f;£.!ii.ii0 n t h a t the P ione e r Group rose in Jone s Town and were read y on t hat ~ -~XKXX~ warm *The ~&ktamxrt•-controlled Executive Council promptly banned t he carrying of wea¥10ns guns , . ~ . ~ag,en whgs£,:neatness ~ 1.,. e~JJ.Z,, con­ cealment more fi tt ed t he l¼:tt ~:!'~111:IPt'rad ition of t he .;PNP Oc t ober 194 7 /ni ght i n/l:J~~ to challenge the JLP f or Ki n g ston . Manley was t alking at a mass meetingon Ox f ord Street int ersec ts r- orth Street ifi ti 9i5■ !i.e•,•e : - r , The campa1'iign r, tt'J i I e i t f"or t he municip al elections h a d s wung into h i gh gear, ~ zlaez ~NB Manley fought to gain control of t he Corporate Area where h e had h i m~el f in 1944 .-tw, .Lffed- ~ 'l gone down to a x humiliating d e f eat. Suddenly )'-, was~ i nterrupted by a rising murmur ~ ""the crowd. The ranks before t h e port a b l e p latform tJ~ff._ iA.I /~'17 ~ fr,;1vWt/ a,...p' :P:iai?v,9€! to a llow .:iN. two blood spattered men ,)'f stumb l e ~·A I n the .-f/i/.f- ,.,1..,/,,; />NJ ,-.._._ short h ush , t he men r eport ed wk ~ they had b een beaten ~ .Jil,-8 they a JLP meeting in Rose T own, 7a~~~R~t se,J;,,dy distriit near n Jones Town . Thd report triggere d t he \.;0~""iii,1fc~ '·~ t.-yfnJk7s s~i~!Sf~\~ jT aAims.. fo ,I.A/ .-,~ d ,iJr P,v;J . Manley ~he~ ex~sold i er and riJawver h ad lone ~known~azax~xaxt.:is•~ Maue~x oBaLze~mam0maa.rmz~=uamzm~pnwmz~~m~memzm~ruElJl\a t he imp ortance of , and p ract ised , communi cations in h is 0~g anzszzg s part y and union s tra tegy . Bullied and har ried as t hey were, t he {r~l;,11,a UWI L ibr ari es .. - • . r ' ' . ·. ;,I/ The !;'NP: lost six to the J LP 2.5 seats with two i{l,2...e~ry clents in /"l.A.h\~ Vl-.'J ;ti,r ~i,..d.., c,.( ~ rocked the 1944 e -1 ~ ct ions. It was cJ :i:ce."""'•"4-'"' ... • e victory ~ t x.e..ai:4xiiuc.Jti::s:R:III ,. as Mr Manley t he Party ' s confidence, p arttcularly/ wh «nx ~xax xaa«a~xhima elf h ad failed J.,, 1,-IT,.. b.,, IA r,,r.., 12:{h.~61-! l_ ~ ~= · to g ain a sea tx; .~ • ~ -t-c-~ ~ ~ -~I-OOS-"fitEN--'l'1\ :f!.-... -:l:-N- -PA"OE ~ "SPEEC"t.t-~ I- 'B'OOK It was not however a landslide victory 1~or the Labour Party as some writers of the time insisted. The Party had only contestec 18 of' the J2 constituencies ***** PLEASETUH.N OVER PTO ~~nley lrad organiseri his constituency well enough, practising what he preached to a fault, but the need for him t o personall y combat the spread of Bustamante- ism in most o:f the J2 consti tuencies h a.e--n ) 1 ~ c:r .:txkJUCx a x :t.l!li.i: made him an absentee candidate in his own area and ~ a_.,, lf:::.. ~d its toll. While he had f'ailed in his o ~ ::x:RK:ia,u:JJ~ campaig? he was in no doubt t hat the work he had done in the other constituencies had turned up what he saw as the crux o:f his party ' s political future at tt e ballot. He regarded the cell structure of the party:+xxkli, tlie setting up oi' strong J>}·p groups i~ all the constituencies as ':!:;;rs • ' s77.c'~ 11t he rno~t ;, c, c-cwi., ;.,~ v.,,i-d ,1 1 mportant significant +~ for the Lfu t ure ~ tl'a~y-;Jig?\ tl e most/.s:i~E.i:fi.11:a111:t , , .,C,.!t;/-/h f ~ ,,::r ~ £/-iµ.,, ~, lesson t h,',t:wo @8:u l: 1 fro 'l ) t he ~ elections. "' Mea;:::e::: t l ;;i_n bL ct t , l~ i=5~ r, lw sta-t:r:G tLfl::t==: ~ /i tu>, f !Zd ~~ /1. ,,..,- ✓.:------------ :,•/ J 11,( •~ 111 us ta Ma nt f' ms s -hys -t r ia C-c'lr--0'7:~~"7""""-.:r"'-.....;;..:t.._..,,__.....__ __ _:,:~J::;;;;.~re / I J, l~ an,,tel e;,Ot -worship Hd J ~au c ~ of one ma1y ::~ only be answered by a ,. Po.,_ 10 11 ~l.1.O can find tl~eir own leaders and spread them wideand dee1J ~ 1~{~-d1 4 h e community. 11 There W no alternative. ~!'sG- r s /ifo other ~ roa . ~ ,.Eil.Ler }-0'tt" b e l"~e in tt·a t 01 you ax e 1.et rit t e ) e .., _.~t,e1 :,;~ I ar~" - Some of' the men closest to Manley thinks that the early months 'XMXXUDOCX b x:tux xamx after the ' 44 elections fount.. hin at Ids most unsp<;!iz:1t, ~ n J ims_el:f am his CO~1rades I save _..:>erl.Laps £tr. the aftermath of tht°'tf, ~J@Hfert:i.) HBc ... ~ Y::;,t.;,., ... ;.., ~ .,;{L ~R .... <> .1'L, /4 purge r. [!!!_e '.Party had been clobbPrecl nearly insensibl e uut not be1'ore 1,~:.-i.- <-J " jhey hau 'cho::sen. had seen his opponents style and the terrain ~IJDQxw.kx~NX:tbi.~X~llUSl~:X:t. 1 e ,ad studied his counters and was about to put them into prctctise. /W, "-~ ~ no c omf'ort ine words . t-cr-;~:T-.e-~ l.CL-.:tii"O""-tcr:Jtk"---tit"t:i1~:'t----whem----w'-G--e..om e r~1iWt1//c to- tae werl of the I f r_t.,r.,.,-- he said flatly. X Ahead o-i~,_,6't'ii!~'il was " c- t!-,? 1/ .J-/v~ C, ty..,1<,0 .,_...._ ,-....:,,.-/ C¥)-,,0/2~1,,f1xNx decision not to ask 1 or t.tle people's vote unless they knew what they voted for. The Party had t.oue no political education work in the other 14 constituencies , had no GrOUJJ structure to choose candiuates and so were h:K.xx:t.l!il not courted. usta:XX . 1:1.e. lil .o..ut aft er those loose seats ~ ,bi.l had no sucJ compunction . 'lllll10CNautxMRxw.1m.:txxxx.e.x £ ~Roo w11;h yell and clatter ill-fr/ ~ d returnect/ti1urntH~~hly :w±.±kxxkRDII chained to llis waist. )lXKil~ x . ,;,~ xus:lilHHmff~mmgeeIDi ¥IHH~ffiffl91~1~DCi100QG{JGOOOJi ~ J►➔_;J OCXXKXXMJCTOCM W,), ( ~Iv"' The 1-~P had no" wish to form a government under the 191.J4 coustitution . In ~ ~bl~ :fact, 1-tanley was/~ggply disatis:fied with it. "We despised it anrt were contemptuous o:f it . 11 l;i Q has suici ./ ~~eF!Dru~Py 1969 when lie retired f)Ublicl V .R~ici f'rom politics , he ~aHx.e.«xx &:iq,uqcxa: handsome tribute to TJustamante for having worked the 11 tlespiserJ II cons ti tut ion. "We did not regard the 1944 Constitution as enabling anyone to f'orm a government, " he said . t•But the fac t is that , ustamante turned it into a gov ernment. "llXN«MXM~O~][:X:XlUU(.XX }OOCuBIDOOUf Manley was ~»xnx± impatiently at work for t he better cons titmtion whichin his own phrase , would make t he elective Executive Countil t.tie "pri ncipal instrument of policy." It was a phrase t h at woulct circle t he glob~r1~t~BlonyJ~iii~egolony i~lin u x±x±~Em~ :.tx.e.x«~* .e.«rlNx independence.* *The phrase wao ~~Wo r-1 at1f'If;~1r~ra~f.~ e council members called at Bournemouth Batl{hs in f!ast . .-;5 Kingston to d iscuss t he 1944:X C ~nstl t u t ion then bedmg o.ffered by 1lri tain. UWI L ibr ari es 90 willing to take respons ibility, right at its own doorstep. That work must extend everywhere. In any movement that is good in your district, you should be the foremost leaders in that mov anent . The fac t that you are a PNP member does not mean that you msut withdraw l'rom other p ublic duties of your district . On the contraty , you should ue prommnent in it. "If you are a churchman , you mnst be p rominent in your church­ work. I n any movement that is g»&Nx for t h e good of your communi ty, you should take an active and leading part in its development and p rogress. Go and work and be leaders in the agricultural conuuunity. I .f your districts are being re-house d , throw your weight into tl1e housing prog ramme. Ii the cooperative moenueent exists in your district, go into it and work fearlessly for it. J ont l e t them .fool you a oout talk of ini'iltration. When a man B"l1i~ goes anc' d o es work in another organi- sation, h is job is t o do it hona stly f or t hat organisation and it' you hav, don e that, you ,hay e honoured your conscienc,, . 11 ~ l"tJ/1:111,fl .,,,_ ~ ,/,1£C"'/)~,f/,-,j . ~ J - /I I v ( I, ~ tone ~td sea:t0nt \~ e~ ~ -:e e. i so 1·or :t.0.0 his and economic purpose. Out there, in t he so i ~ ~ ang_?cks ::1:;wfc th".::-peepJ:e his country- J----? if s ~ ' di ~ 1~i1'~ /lt:'rct't81iol'I. ~ 4,44-~~~ l'J ~ men whom he l~ved d ~ eply Aal!:l.razs_ 0llle ±:i:1He -_t?e:Pve :ea e ± y 1 -O=-w..a..t::_he 11'.a-yuu "- ~-~ I,wfJJ '11/li i1/871h t-101cc.1J ' t , • t,. .... ~ 'frii.. ~ ±::f---vO u we x "flO t e 1 n 3 e ~ . ·,l c,:,<,172r,_11l '/ ~ ti~ ~ n/\ ~ ~G..C - " · ~ ;y, tt;fi trtn \NA~- r,'c~ '1:V ,16(.1 ~ sCcf{. ~a, 1kb,n1MvJ.. '"111.e let d lrcM: 61.it of this (1944) election wt} lµt a ne t hat _ t he 4J.,0 Jq:'y.t,f., . had . . . (_ Sw-y} ~~Lev~ people in great numbers/xa ~e an instinctive des ire to follow one , • tJ(illYNA They pre ferred, many of t hem , to saY,, ~ e will fol low one till we J½ ~ leader./ 8H~-e±ame-~nepee~reT- ~hese-a~e-ott~-~~epre T- r~.f:a/ ,.1.., 14 ~ :;, ~ > ~ / :ii !.?/.\,(, ,, ,VU.~ d ie than to say...:> we will make many and live . Dant blame t he people...A.'.: 'l'hos.e J ,,l,J o,;wi,,.,,,,r i=. J S""F 1H6 ---.. ~ j.;MJtfJl,Nt t unity for leade~ship and g overnment among the people J and then you 1'>AG CJ2.'f su 'b1t-J6 ~ + . 5~:L ~ was-to- ''"-~lliiiill~ d:~ _the bxµ:a Party ' s ~§=1'1 t"aa-et,rl! 'f:i.rJ:n,.g iF /1,...,Z{ d;:-L,;T insta.1ice rural voters into its rank hen she ••k•uDtx cited the/Ea.& of "our chauffeur /Jill--b flt., (who) has bought ab,Out 25 acres II for lia'.'lc..i:■JI :farm developmenti. '\"1'ould .worthy.L ~ J -aQ).)/ fl>; II l';J} :.I,.~~ «.i) 7) , enteryrise of t~escription not be.J;li_scouraged? 11 8f7i m~.-~ r~~~v,I\~~ ·, ~ -flfl. ~(Wt,l;-ljt /A II en.,r _ · cf {l.,,.,.1.--, ;" ~,;- l,,,;flC0-t:.(J (pdf to upstage ~ings House was also in the act, this time ■..xngrlaxd~ the PNP iaxitJUl e f forts at attracting school teachers into party politics, i.e., into In a deadpan performance :.bl be:fore !b~h.ra toe PNP . / ~J(lliOOICKDJUDClll.dOO(d:IQCDC a teachers I conference at1 • S1 Ge orges 11,t,-f 4r, ~~- 1 , Hall, Governor Richards _exhorted t))&t~ bear in mind words from Ma caulay's Lays: ~When none were for the ~ -~11 were :for the sta±fL.__'!" It did not -- intri~er, ·sent ·out f'rom WhitehaTl escape Mr Manley what the wily kaB@~~•kee-•••¥e•e-•k••••• to talk or upstart bludgeon the/ .. ~ colonials back into line, was up to. "The simple fact is t ha t His Excellencydeliberately used the opportunity to indicate to the teachers that it was not the wish o:f government that they should interest themselves in any way in the only politi€al party in Jamaica, the People's National Party. Shrewd observers have not failed to observe that His Excellency never misses an opportllllityo:f denigrating our efforts ... Every- UWI L ibr ari es !: I f PAGE NUMBER TO BE ASSESSE-D -- 2 one in touch with feeling in the country knows that the teachers are very LEA / NER concerned wi h the question of the attitude of government towards the party. ~~ r ost of them,~alive to the XJBUCIX¥K difficulties and troubles of this country/ 39 woul d support the Party for the reason that it offers a means of intelligent political action on a defined policy for the good of the people. I do not think that they share the upper c lass view, that for some peculiar reason, party politics,s though necessary for other c ountries, is bad for Jamaica. C:But the teachers connec tio with government is such t~at they are afraid les• they hurt their own inters·/'s or&freers by • espousing a cause with which ,ii O - (',re, ,, ~ go nment is not in sympathy. I t--------i.s wolG knclffi:) thaet the work the Party I ams at doing in regard to political educatio~ and in regard to building up a•-- sense of citizenship and responsiblity~will be frustrated unless it wins the support of a substantial number of the teachers who , outside of their schools, are the leaders of thought and activity in the rural communities .• --'Pronouncements from the Chief Executive in the Colonyderi g9:z,n9us", &,....,~ weight , . a_ hint goes almost as far as a command. So longas ~ executive government does not exists in this country b, x aaeon of the pol.±t:h::&i:=fi!":& ii>f tl~y, it is wrong for goRernment to appear to take sides in regard to such political lifeas does exist." \ 9" av..( ?~ I fh ~ ~ ~ -6{_~/4 ~ ~Jl_ '3flltti il-g ~ tw- ~lli.d .. i>e shaped by either the PNP or JLP; or, in the ppe;:§*£ ml4 realism of ~ i! O.,,, t h,i___!l(J¥, bye~~ Manley or Bustamante• or=s;::::i1. Am~ few very Portla,nd's special independents would make it for awhile yet, such as/Harold Allan (but who would vote with the JLP) but their days too would be numbei\ed. Th s DQf- ment ~ e PNP marked the gradua1 wea ntnJ.. of Bus amante 1 s relationship with Manley. UWI L ibr ari es I l ... \ .................. ..,N UWI L ibr ari es I 1 Christ in me works ~i~acles CHAPTER . . I thoJ.t'gh Absorued/a@ he was with 91 M~xMxllf.:i.Rµ.sx x }Q.s.mrpi:t.i:NNxw:i:tk nat i onal politiu-s during the majority Mx x M&Ni:~~b five - year ~ePm of the Labour Party, xld:~i .lfl.JilBXllllD:.tx x ~ ~m:iba::tRx h is legal career was s~*~= f lourishing with vigour and brilliance . . He,.;-.1 b o 1 d 1 y ~•oucn•,q UQ• 1 gx a 1;1&:::a,,.::x,:m:hliei,Jr:atx~~»xt~x~~Ji was xx I'rom that i me also ,eee~~;e ~ i:NXaxi:.e.ss..RxxM»:tx xi:s.i:&xax~x xx~xxxx endorsing ,f:1€ :l}.ap lfbor certain r-~ t ~e_n x~~i±~.i:1i:~x xi:xkx ikJt Qtt!' West i nd ian unity . Ji5txJl1:l6X:nt,)t:x~~ -¥N:tJ,c:t.iunn.fN:t:l~K nxi~lii,ittl!n~•x~Jlul~xx *»~xx.i:g~xx~x ~£xXR1~kx ~*~*~~~~accepted a futu~,/li fe i ~ fi~ifliJti}iWi1isxalll«.s:+x t he rigours of which in a few years would/~iH J~f~ls. s uch grim toll of his political xi:RK+ fortunesx-,.b~~~~hard Hart , his ~kjxkii11a delegat e t o t hat dayspring of R~Nxxx±i:BN t he Federal reali t y, the Caribbean Labour Congress hel d i n Trinidad in September , 1945 , ka:.« in ureine-..," t he de~.elooment.of t h e C:::iribbean area as one economic entit y " OO&I.RNXXNX4X X X ~ ~ XXw»Knt:X.RlUXX¥ saw it as "possible only if s uch a p r ogramme of d eve l opment and expan- sion is conceived and direc ted under t he unified control obtainable under a Fpder al constitution, wi t h r esponsible g overnment ." And less ,.,.,-...,'01-­ t he eloquent journalist,,.·_· -"'' t han two mont hs lat.er, Manley was cordially welcoming/T . R .Marryshow o1' ~.,. "t<"i.· Grenada, " the Father o f WEst Indian Feder a tion 11/ £8- fiX!~!gn. * ~ , ... "---" -~? ', *Federa tion, so long in coming ~and so quickly going , had been urged since 1920 by several West Ind i an conservat ive organi- . • sations includ ing t he Jamaica Imperail Asso c i a tion, not f or t h .e t..fl-:0 , peoples ' ben efit but :.tlllXa::&x:.tkJC a t :.tka a queit nudge from t he ih.JtJ.ii J~~- Colonial Office which s aw i n it a saving in t he British overseas , . 1 Ith.Iµ,, admnis t rat ive budget. P NP support for Federation as an impetus ~ J~ to sel f government i n the t erritories , had b een endorsed by the ,il-w 1 0,,. 1"' .. 1.1{}~ party since 1942 . SEE NETILEFORD lxxvi . MORDECAI P . 19 .,JZ"1 JJ_ ' J..., I, ~ LJ:_ tl 'A_/if w; ') v,~f '1 ,... X!XX:SXXJUtl!llClltxmx :fmxxki:xhlC¥Xika::.t:xWx1d.B]CX ~J. ~ _,/?->,.'-) """1 I"( {),w ( ~ - I · tJ;.. ,V:/ !:;_~1-11"1 Al t hough he was no t a member of t he Jama i can g overnment , Mr /:,/~ ?rl:J ~ - at feg_eral 4 cffe • , Manley ,••••a•••••~T was xx the f irst sxxi:&as. modern and serious~effor t ; at.. :fe:aerat-ion -- when he at tended t he now famous Mont ego Bay Con fe r ence on_ Clo ser Uni'oJ c.alled by t h e British government in l~~bliid~f:tiiix~~iif0 us capacity ; multi- of a British r epres enta tive on t he xxxBxnational caribbean Commission , se t ,.. 1 ., by t he British , American, Fr,.ench and~t. X" la~dl ords " i1. tl:"\t.: Ca ribb eJan, c -1hos e flirector of Resear chv a young 1 • • name ci'P Eric Wi lltam3/, w.Qtd I was a t t f:ie CLC meetin g i n 'Klngston ~~1f~,#JUi'!x wmxxn:£x:.tilx.x.i:mx - F- a:aJ.9y .Ls - F0l:9 \ ~~ immediately preced i n g t he Mont ego Bay conferene e t h at what some view .- o..,dJ b as t hf~iss of death was i nf'licted on t h_e ~ /~Rthus i astic :.tbut i1 f)y.~,I{, c~ EA a tern Caribb ean hairman f •. ~~~~-~~-~r, as the "one who i s well abl e to shap e t he fu t ure that we aspire t o ,. 11 / I~ ~~ffiark 1;t~{_if"~1-::rl; t-e escap e t he notice of t he . . e x tract 1e~aee~ h i s zest~ul suonort .of x orooosals MaJority l eader , nor RlU!IRxxxx•x Xm.xmxxmx ±XJlx.xm«xxn~x•±&xxx for un~ty . I with fel l ows who f r om t he publ ic p latfor m repudiat ed his constituents ' /;Mil ., pf r u lers c~~ "" choice/ with t he i d i o tic XJtmxxic' ~ elepatiEHl that "we who come f rom t he '~various islands are not s o much interested how you fee l a b out Norman Washing ton Manl ey " since as far as t hey we re concerned , Manley would be t he federa l:xbeax::l,e,n. head . Busta, argue some lost any loye t hat m~ght , ., · ..r b fl , ,_,l-,.J!,;./.,-._1-... t/ifl( 'hv such . N~ fineness of debate and reasoning that Klll«KXXXKB«xxmt articulate leaders mllN as Marryshow , Grantley ADams , A1bert Gomes of' Trinidad , F . L . Walcot t of Barbados and the rest Xsaw i n him the one who would " shape the f u ture we aspire to ." p, .f.,,,.J 1-.v?:/-,ife...; ~t.f£_, Ctsc.. ~6i~i . llC«XEXXXIDlXKXXMKRJUXX ...., I' r- ' v,,. !IL -t I n t he narrower but more inten~e f i e l d of home polit i cs , he was O ~ proving a formidab l e if lUlo:f:ficial "leae er of t he Opposit i on " outside t he l 'f House . One of t h e major preoccupations was ~:ti~aJi; with the e f :fec t that 1c:-.J!.(<~.,~1.r?b ,P<'5:f"l'Tr-l1' ei:::tlg:~ crises ~la ntl woul d have on the Jamaican economy. Mani:~✓;; was relentless in p oinineut XPXXK.111.Xl!Uliax:txm the major def ects in a colonial system where ~i~~i~~~xillilfllillfgx~ of d eep effect upon t h e very lives of p eople were made in a~~xxaxxx c apitals hal f way arolUld the world . He was in no doubt that wh ateYer moves made by Britain to ease the e c onomic strain would b e ch arted by the consid eration o f wha t was b est for Britain . ~xx "The West Indian problems are a signal examp le o f n eglec t and administrative incompetence, " he xax~x declareu at t h e time~. "Mo d ern 'I proofs o f t h e f a c t that no peopl e can becoem a nation save und er t h eir own leadership and by t he power of their collllcils and decisions " • B RE A K Manley was, as usual, being pre - eminent in t he two field s o f endeavour which marked his adu lt career, p olitics --- and law . IIis court­ room app earance s had not lost frequ ency in spite of t h e daily increasing hol d of polit ics on hi s time. gxaw«s: Spectators p ackr d t h r gall Pry i n i£;~il all h is cas es, f rom b i zarre murder cas es to t h e dulle st o f c i v il suits.whe ~ o= One suit t hat s tands ou t particula rly in a career o f particu lrs was ~is t he trade mar k cas e c onc erning t he well-lraewR Vicks Chemi ca l Comp any oover its p roduct Vicks Vap orub , sold in J a maic a since 1 91 9 . Agains t h im was h is fe llow W~st Indian, Sir Lennof O' Reilly of Trinidad a p p e aring t ·or n e d e fendants, Cec il de Cordova & Company Limit ed . O' Reilly, a tall, J;p~ ~ tru culent whit e Trinid a d ian was one o f t he "ou tside " barristers* i,~+lt.aa, *Sir Hu gh Wooding , now Chanc e llow o f the Unive rsity o f the WEst Ind i e s and the y ounger -O ' Reilly we ee others, bo t h o f Trinida d . whom l itig ants una b l e to s e cu re Mr Manl ey's s e rvice s were being o olig e d t o BFiRg h ire s o as t o offer som e me aning ful opposition to t he brillian t Jamaican . It wa s a case in wh ich n e ither lawyers gav e quart er, a po l.icy that was d isp l a y ed i n t he v e r y f irst s alvos : Mr Ma n l ey ( to a witnes s dr uggist F . B . Francis of Bu ff Bay): Have y ou known Menth olatum ? Witness: No . Sir Lennox O' Re illy: P leas e dont lead , Mr Manl ey. Mr Manley : Its not lead ing . I ask e d h i m i f he ever knew a p rep ara tion UWI L ibr ari es 93 Christ in me work s miracles . The ans wer is eit her yes or no. He said I no . 1 Please d on t inte rrupt me u n necessarily . lt e wonh the case and t lte subseqllent apveal t o t he Pr ivy C nunc i l Lonc1011 a wn i c lle app e a r ecl . i n ~ ~HBSB Manley i n f'u ll f'.lig h t i n a courtroom wa sllMlffl unr org e ttable. . o ourt . c lin i cal experi ences Like a .ll great ; ~a a yer s , h i s cas es were e ~%H%es- a ~ - ~~aa~%e e o:f t · prac i ce and ex periment . In the l aw , lie was o:f great s tr en g t h , an omn ivorous reader anCI p ossessing a fant a s t ic memory ; but / li.~ scggf;f' incis i ve mi n d . .ena b l e ct h i m t o1s e i ze i deas and work t h em.with a . and quick c l ear t h 11uci n g ma:a.t1tx .kxm a ~ XBX XSX .s.IeX:Xl!I.X l'l~ llULX X X plill:S:SX:W.~ SWl.1 t g r ace and ease/:x{ ~i his own comr·ort. ~ e J: ;iea:i:~ y O:f no d i smiss able a c count also was a g i f t for h i s t rioni cs whi ch, c ombine d with native g oo o looks , per suasive e l oauenc e . . was known t o . d i sarm and tak e i n to 7ana ~ne panacne 01 wig and s i lken gown , ama.tx j[XKKlC.K« x x:w.xxxxR»Xx~x axx x.kx camp t h et 1 • t t • d d • S . J h C i Cl • f ' 7 mos re c a c 1 ran J U g e an Jury . 1r o n :::.r berry, a armer 11.e Justice o f Jamaica ll{l!i has said o f him : XM~~~XXX:oc:rM«JOlnX:XJU{XJCM.llll~ t:MXXl0f'G{J£XXXXM.X~ :iX't:.XYJqlal'OfXJf«NXNX!lD!.XJ!X~ Xl'CU'f'l{lU~lll:gKX "Perhap s h i s g rea tes t .legal attribu t e was t he a bility tocili~&gi.iil~i~nd i ~_l i~i±rlle .i;>oints wh ich h e c oul d rJev e lop l e a lways carr i ed a lucky c h arm i n h i s br east poclcet in cour t . The ..;harm worked for h i m but h e wor ke,x.&XXll!JUt ~~-tnt~~~«xz<12J'IJJl.lfNX:.t.:icK a:xmll!mX l e s alild o r a coJrt o r a pp ea l tha t it was 11 a l::1 y , ourt and Hvuc o.f them readin.., more t han a p a ge 01 t ext uook . I n fac t , they are s candal ous ." UWI L ibr ari es m:irac.Les. Christ in me '0orl-..s m:Nm One curious l'ac et of his courtwork was the in tense dislik.e he had 1·or murd~r :t cases; cases in whichl- h is capacity "or cl.e.x.11t.i.i: hard deter,nined work guided by his genius oi'ten turned from probable loser::; 1 d d i his words an intolera into f'antastic triwnphs .. _e found that they emancte / .a degree and a.~ intensity of' concentration ::>nrl nervous energy P.xcept i.:ixwall as the ,A he once rudely wrote: resul t of personal conviction./ "Wlten one is adversely convinced , it uecomes niere prostitutiQn;and t he arti f i cial stimuli , mental S.>anish Fly , " N5XS:a:XMX XMI'llliX¥X (F110M THE DOUND DIARY PAGE 17) . But t he mRJ11M.KliJ11:e.111xflui ambival<=>nce of the lawyer to the !'acts of his trade moved him to exclaim : "Yet , it mus t be so. You cannot X move , hold , binc , w1less your whole seli' i s his trionically enu-aged , in t he real sense. Xltll . fere words are no thing. " GO Tt TO CA.Ri b POST FO ... { SOME ' 47-4~ P...APPB:l'.11C:.rS. ~ l .f( 'drif w2'. ~ ,...A"t\LEY ' s OUTPOLITICS - how he looked to U~A # ft;'r/:::.;e~tl+lbtl!W c . The con1'ident, swaggering Rose Town fellows , whose scouts had warned of the approach ing P NP marchers, were aam0s:t eager for the fray but when they were struck wi th equal fury from t he west as/i~ii HillXK mee ting swarme d up , the swagger took flight. iR~:t encounter lef t two ($ead and thirty- seven injured , all JLP members . The PNP casualty was seven . Some g ood came out of t he tragedy however f or at election day , while the parties marched and counter marched J and g lared at eac h otber , there ~ ~ o~~ were no pit ched battles .an There w.-.e now t"1R> s tron~m.rn in 1iifte house, .._,___ And N'orman and violence, as a p olicy, wa~ :t1t1Z1J!10:rax:zi:¥ for ~ also won his ~~i ty. the time in disuse /1-fanley J BREAK The eveninizi:of..,. the ~wNN.t. PQll count . 1'orhthef'l944 elections when h~ taste ll!la.;l(:xlllfx mx..-..xlUtR a ;g:x:ex x :.tac~.t.xx~ is irst de!·eat , ManTey, im- patient t o g etB on with his work, / ¥~ined to Edna and m1iuu,zs. moaned, "My God , another f ive years to wait." Ba* The truth is he was not much of a waiting man . NI£ Impatience p layed a part in h is achievements ; a :iax.gi:l&b characteris- . ;increased with.his years. . tic that g :uew::xmi:n:.e.xxaN~xiix1tx a :s:x N.xs.:iqc:e.a:x:sx :xn:«x:e.a:s.fflllX He was a man who drove . . althoue:h in h is case xi took long er .x»aK h_imself to exhaustion --- »JU.X:XXXX»&K XXBN.~RXXXNXkXS.XRKSlt t9 re~cn t ~at ,I . Hut it ai.xBa!!l w s cle r th :ll Jie/~ t i 0 rY e ! f !riiti1dei tz}0 point than mos t men . M1txka~iaxxB~~IExt x~x xNiBx as.~ Xmaxx mfxN1tilli:qc 1x wxlYx iMiJ talre over pol i.t ical leadershi _. o:f l is fountry and . t l th . b 1 t • gasNaXxRasRx mxx a x a a XMX5 cna eel to get on wi 1 e JO • econ i- in 1944, *Somersaulting in his ca:, :fxNm over a preci p ice on t lle Gordon Town road / one morning,(' as he walked away :from t he wreckage i n t he Pope Hiver ravine he remarked to his f' i nders .t.k xxx j!~amxim.N.xm in an island proverb') t hat "~ an c_ '(/LY\ _J, XK ___ b_o_r_1_1_f'_e __ li_a_n-'g""",- ~ ___ d_r_ o_wn _ _ ._11 _ ____________________________ _ his enga~ement in public controversy wit h his style and co11tent already :s:t.u1~i:J: establisl.ed a f ter ___ years in the 1&.Nlll..%XXN111uJ1 courtroor1 and six years/ffx xlillxkK.x.:.t:iN.e S. learning his trade in tl e rough and tumble of' t l e=----- /,J'•eanwbi;J,e bo t L parties x a:otx xadix.Km i n.the ouse had · ainec. ov ·~~fei.x0 s ti' f>ets . a 11e f"TT! l!>loc in i;ne ouse ~1acI ueeu 1ncreasec1 'Jy -en~ aaui tion o ~·red "S.lave Joy " i,__;vans, a c·olour:ful character wl!o J ad wo11 as an indepenc ent -'<-A i n eac,tern W.L..stmor e l ai,c. r 1ctJ Y..XI'J.X?:t~~ d eclai eJ uis af1illiatio11. ------- T,' t 11 1, . 1 1 . - .,----,;- tl-11ar1"~· atdlsto1 ti;ouvenience 1 .L,vans ,x~:s a a , ine oocine r ~oin6 1rou ~. x~ wi 1 two curious y ,' • y _; rl ..______ ispa ate n1en. 1i1a11 • iri•1'-P'!~,11'J'!'e - ai:.x I\ bent combined with earthy style that was s rre ±'ire in the r1tral belt , proved a vote-Eettine machine . Fe/~8M!~derauly s t reugtJ1e1uu~ tJ e/R~Rti~~tern aDproachcs i n ensuing elect ions, even l eaving his sare seat £or axwther ,1). Ii p_p selectee and cross i n~ over to the adJoiniu~ c onstituen~to beat t he UWI L ibr ari es • I bent,X:*. *C .. Cam.._Juell, later, as S.ir Clif':ford Campbell, the island 's f'irs t native governor-general. r11e JLP's choice of spouse was a suave , solid politician from Port ­ la'.ni named narold Allan , also an I ndependent. What was remarkaule is tl1at Allan kept his Independence even while servin~~ as Bus tamante' s 1'inance ministerf'or .;otl~ JLP terms until his death in 19 . fhe JLP, woef'ul:ly } t 1 .1narlis!i.-!entarv. 1 . ;in t.ue train of trade unionists d s wr o 111ma:x.xq 01a"ter1a xx mnxx.i;:.sx:s:xa:xl!I.Xilx an a f'ew school tea,,hers Bustauante led into the House , /iif~·~.rt};;i,c:::::;..,v;:i.,:tr'E~4,.;.ff'.1.R;t1 One of the public controversies wh:Kich en6 ageG !lanley ' s attention at the t . a t i "" J 1 t econon1.;c /w1dertaken U)' .une w s 1e .1.amous e1, 1am ~{epor , an ~ survey &l!l«x:X:JeE:&IXIMX mRxui±mn a committee of KX~i Jamaicans appointed by the governor and headed by the inevitable Ent.,lis.11 expert , in this case Ur Frederic Uenham. "enham was articulate and liked it , so when his Report came out and was attacked from all sides of the political fence, conservative capitalists µroa:ressi v.e s.oc.ialists 0 ,-1 D(-f}.A,,,_ and'XM..:t.M.B. ».KKX~.&MX~XX,li!X1_,:, t1. 'he took ~ 1 all ~ w1_th. a ~ ~i::e..e.x v- It r I. "'rlc;-f /:Jo fl.. c,.'k 4;-rt. ~~ 7 joyless glee since he e=e:tH.d l a ~ no hope of winning-"- In one syml:'5osium ,- arranged by x«fXl~~l~'Tfti ~ the JewishLi terary Society in the hall of' the Christ ian St George ' s church and chaired by Leslie Ashenheim, a ) leading Jewish lawyer amd chairman of t he Daily Gleaner , the two other panelists were Mr Manley and Gerald Mair , a member of the short-lived arch conservative Jamaica Democratic Part~~;fl%~fixdifiicult even for but . . 1 erfort after dissect it voluble Dr Benham to def end h1s l!UIKN.ll!RNX hearing J-1anley /te .l.l an the and overflow audience t hat "what is puzzling many o:f the people who have read the report is not what is wrong with it, but how such a document came into existenee al all. " ' // -r1 . ' -11 . ~{1,~~f""' """ /1,,J.._ . . The P~P participation in the forma l politics g;p- ~ouse and local !:>tV'v'-:>-f. c. "~ , " go.i.c~mnst:ft. was as vigorous as was Manley's on the outside. I<'lorizel ~lasspole , the young (J5) , alert accountant who had/Iijx~i« east King ­ ston & Port Royal sea~7ith a phenomenal majority and ~ starting his maxa:tll:& undefeat~ stay in the House , was pursuing h is role x:i.i.ltl / leader of t he minority with the polished directness that would mark}[ his stay in politics . In the city council , the pungent Wills O. Isaacs was lambasting the likes of t he Lord .Bishchp of Jamai ca , fo r " soaking " the council in chargi ng them fl650 ( $JJOO ) for some lands .a::t owned by the Anglican church a t Bishop ' s on as L d u1n. ... • th/ thetimorisooment of thet • t R M • f' h. 0 ge. AK~k WJ.. par y act1v1st poet-wr1 er-pai n er oger a1s or 1 s denun~iatory article "Now W.1;, Know " in Publi c Opinion and t he deat h/i{a111 . """" 5 c/{samue.l __ constantine) . "" •11 b ht b 1 • t :&:.A. ... a:e:xx . ~«xX Marqu1s .1.rom J.. ness roug on y 1.1s wo- i n t e r mne t the Party year/ :&»»XxNai:iiiilixn: had its authentic martyrs UWI L ibr ari es . . .. .in tJ e 1ain oy va.lue< 1.otlce ... or tile Party Ly " ~ " attl..acious ,. ,okes at t f' esta1..1llslu,1ent at every clic1.uce . /:>:t~ilacs ' 1.eresies as ,t.is . 1otion to t ,10·,-., Cu:;;toc e s of1 t ne 1Jarish tioards was hail<'das a ,reak 1·1 011 t He . . . . D! au e .l ctio.n , cur colo11ia.l sy:;; t e , H,.ic •. wa:;; ueir1g r~.1.J1dly u 1screu 1 ted . xx».11,q,! ' ~ iXNXlD,.« . ~R.N.:R.xa:i:x.Ri:l!t.or.ix."111a.x s:R.:t.x x»x anc wi t L i.i:t:i:i:R tL.e severe l y lit Ji teG p. ,liL-lty to t.,e .• ad LY t he Party's tiny rni11ority i n t1J.e ouse , tie hP ' s verual uv Isaacs , .. rs Iri::. King , RKX co iina11ce of' t· e 2ia::iq.iNx.a±.:iaN c..i t y council/ :s.kli.»JCK:o.i :eji:&xE:t.£ I, oel, l" ether sole a _1ont, t l1em ettsn.Pe_ 0~ ~ffe,t.-lt:[ Parf; / JJ.:n.,, ,1 ~ M->.f>-'{ 11i Jt,,/J fAc/wi-. ,,.,_ 17i ~~~ >1--z>,,• 'J i ' f b«(tf+tx9 ~ ~ ()-,~;,IJ;;u(J.,R~ f)--7:0 . i _ a11le} ' s law _Jl act ice Na~ n1~ n . 1..1rou0 • t 11ixe, , lPssinus ir. t.1is ~ c;f,;v() ~ direct ion . -? _ . ..,ut ,.-i,1 ou t he sire least li "e .l to J_!:, reta111ers or te1./X:MOIXllU~.Ja~N:'t~R.XX l!ilXDilX XNX X2ix.RX :X.NR X NN~XXN.XN .., t Jd,s 1 ·t ·t1 1 t • t • xocxK:s:xw x .... Jl~xa 6 uara11 ee NXXNN1101Ju ari y w1 1 t .._e pro e aric.t • . i s 1)r.il.li a11t shills NMX were uo t always u isposec.! t o t he 1Jro:,;c~c,_..t e<.- . .. e t . · t · • t C tt ; t o ~ ork ior the wa:::, so ,e 1.11,es requireu o J0111 \vi ll a row11 a orney .:x..:,;i,x .... xx:xs:&N.~1:m~ at.x :i:Nxxx:x .t.& incarceration 0.1' a lo:::;er, t ue :::;y11pat. y ~ ou:::; i n1., "littl e 11ia11 " ; at w1.lc.11 t1.111e , uis 1.1o"'t loyal .._Joli t .1.ca l 1 ollower a .1on1.., t l e 1Joor --- hi::. l ar1.:,E-:::;t co11stituents --- s.i11ereu -.,ewi .luer1.1ent . ::,o.,ie voli tical o )::,ervers 01 t ue time i11sist t hat t ,..e J,,iXb!X i&:s.sx N± two ter I reJection o~ (;bvfl,V{< f e lt.""{ t v /1,u,/J') t. e l-1 P wa::, ueca ,1, 3 tne 1a sses coul u not i Genti1 y witl1 ,~ .aNNX:S.1!1tx1N::x.&x 11 .,i :::; a 1Jpearance .1or t he Crow11 in a .Ladio 1·ra HA case in early l'.)4., ( t .... e de.1 ra .... , ed X!at.s co 11)ar.y wai:; 1.is client) lllUt:; t Lave bt!en a reluctant uu t y . Needless to say , le aiu it well a11u won . Another source oi unhappiness was t l e takeover of his uelovLd Jamaica Welrarc oy a Soc ial fe l 1ar e Co11 tission , a dozen years a1·ter Sau Lei ,urray 11a ---- --------* w1prec-edent ed i 1. t Le Wps t InG i es . borne fruit iu a social organisa ­ . u~.lor nine vear::; as a rivate x ~x«XNR!RNX!Xla~N X XNXmx a x R(}llX ttu:;; t ruJahte adminii:;tratioL , in t he :s.Ra± sad~le . Ids reason& 1 or Ji~li¥ 5c1&i~itf~!:1.@h~_ffix:x veli'are. :tNX±kN. 1 e cllaree,. i n t he . ou e t ha t t he bo y was arm tiy t he PNP -- a.lthout;11 such «.NMXXX~Nrl:X. being used N.¥JC± N1'XX:X.it as a propabanda o:l' .t.is own loyalists/ii St Elizabe t L ' s Cleve Lewis deni ed t hey/kad x:flnm.Nx had c. i s covered . t he i' &N~ '.3M:s.:t±x}{ any +aC;hes/ii concl 1c t / a~iN.~ t he society ' s 0 .1.i' i cers . Lewis , politica l a :s..ma suave/s..irvivalist askeu instead t 11at 1,anl ey t ake l1 i mse l .f oi'i UWI L ibr ari es ~~-~ ~ f-1!: ;..:oh sih-1c 1i x111 1,11: 1-tl J L y),, 1 N-1- ""., ~ ,, r1 ~faf-ture in lyl.4 . A new/~~illi:s.s in public relations was replacing t.tte old courtroon 1·rit,idi ty as 11.e JOineu the Part y excursionists on t heir t rain ri11es « t o ~ cow1.try t own::. . l!is love 01· 1un an, mischi ef' , caret' tll y Jl.omd imi , was ureaki ng out with mo re serious year . Al ready t he e l ec t oral lis t oi . elec t o r s an<.., t 11e 1.ouse was pas s i n~ new amendment s . Rus t amant e was=li.A~~~ ~ £. t o t he e l ec tion c oc.e . ~N.aunc.x :n:.:m:e.x :i.aw ~~~1 -v:;~m,6"'1-0i a~-~Nf,:Mr;X;;'.Jf~X~XX :&Rllill'U!lX ~ x ax±.x .:id 1.x m1,1.~n was doinG his own 1ast3t eppi n 6 t hrough t l1e count ryside , a t t ie same t i me uit terly compla i n i ng aL>out t he e x p en siveness of' po l i t ics ...f...u{ since he to "pay f'or t he tra v e l ling out of my own pocket wi ,t h money I broueht rrom auroad . " ( GLEAI'EH :F'EI 7 1949) ~£ Odd as it seems , t l.e v i r t ua l prime mini ster was receiving no RX:itx a a llowances 1rom t he govern ment t.;ar his sal ary. Acrimony in t he louse , never a p l ace 1or k i nciness , wxxx increasec, as t hey ent ered ·tpon t he l'inal year 01' life. Personal auuse an, 1.·antasti c cliarGes x oc«..xm:te t ook ov er t he d i alogue t o tLe ext ent t l1a t in despera t ion , Ul ric Si11monds , t 1.e Gleaner ' s pol i t ical writ er s t rongl y . Crown £o l o11v l eei s l a t ure . advocated ±NN . recall~ng the a ~ rnoon t eas of t he &x ix:x xN.t.10.mRXs:xamp;i: liii 1 s e l faY:~ ~ ~'l ~ix~ H iioci~~ i rthlM l-J e t s i 1 i t would "hel p the memuers t o t,e t to know each o t her uetter . " '...,,......;mr:e.::- A£o,,o The world ~ ~en?\2DG~ was ~etting t o know J a ma i ca ue tter t hrough i t s as ye t sketd1y t ourist industry 0ut more so , t h r ough it s art is t s , :is i t s writers , 1-JOets , 1,Jaint ers . •ti ,~ ,1,,1/:,,,.,J.:,., fr •. ~-;-s• 11"1,~~.c. 1 EW U.A.Y , t ne .:x'.±x;s.~ ove l or had impac t ed on t he f'ledgling n a tion it its who woul c be c ome t he Bogl e/x x xRB*x * ~ ~ xxx:i:m±~ x i:~ f i rs t }at iona l ler oes Langs t on l uglies , ~ Ameri ca/\,« b l~dc, A:t'ro - worl c ant l10logy ofX§l!EH-'.&lUiiUi poe t ry .., quality , i nc l ud i ng i n room anc -:;~ .... -~ wo r ks Ly G0or ge Campbell , cer t a i n l y _ t he .<.poe t wi t h t he grea t es t iln'l uence on Ar :,anley . Edna Ha n l ey ' s " school " 01 young pai n t e r s whom she had so c ons i der ably helpe-v. ~ ;o& Tne )OOCX:XX elec tions wo u l , be ~l'Etl!l-t~ned agai ns t a bac.1q;rounc. oi f'ecJe r a t ion t a l ks anti. uauxi t e inves t ment s , t wo i tems oi· 1->ro1.ouncJ i:N±lnt.R:S:X ,---? i url uence i n any 1. u ture Jauaica /\I.mt l east like l y t o affec t t he :educi.:N.:ex 1..,allo t box . For t he s e were no t e l ec t ions 01. isSLle::; , yet . TJ .. e l )4o 1'1OHte5 o uay comfereuce on t he likelihood or a i:R \~,,s t Ind i es .1 eder a t ion ~.atl enuea with ,u::; t a I s a t ti t ude t l,a t o.f a k.nee - 1 1.e :>.. inu ar 1l.ii1;;ui t y , reauy t o t ake 011. in auy d i rec t ion bes t 1.or h i s l eav~ .lanl e~sel y held 11i ::1 own a_µpea l. to the .frankl y par ochial. neeus 01.· his constituent s . Iu uauxite , Heyr1ol<. s i n v es t men t plans ror/~1 ~ .:.million rro rn Lan,hall Aid l<'uw is t o be am· ica woul d no t O1 1·er put to work on t he 20 , UOO acres 01/ :aN -cney I.ad uou5 ht/i:NX:tJ\l:wxi::si:a:NNX net{atively . Ahead was t lle much 1. or P1 :-1' propat,ac a except / i:Nx a:x x:e~iK::X.X~;RX:W~¥:X, cer1ent company , j, 2" tl"T{r, L ano t Ler venture cuga ·ed ~ in r a i sin, i t • 1 \--::tr>-- '· - (..a t;-1 :i.h Lon<..on , -n-r t, t,e~L-f' ft-, r10,· · f"iK w ·oh , 'tdi t h !Jauxi 't e ,fri would be t J- e nuc le s 01' t l .. e is lane ' ::; inous t rial e11ercenc /Al / ~ 7 -rl,.;:, ,f v1,assively ~:t;ant t o _t he 1.·ut ~ again uot ~ re l eva11t t o ,_ e l ection . ~ ~[p../ e,&;,!,b,-/('~,,~~ ,., • l z ~ .LWhat ~ i ncreas i nt,~Y F~i:4 ;.,, I 1 was t he ent husa asm 01.' the C:dl:elweiss J ark crowus . ~I 112 I P-a t-i-b--V1e 1 m r ~ out i11 t o s t one t hrowint, ------ - ---- J with t 11e Xat.~]!;Ej;. 1u.ee e a.u.;~ w Late uu.se::; 01 XJB! Janaica tt± litili t ies L t d ih---~ 1 _ f,,.,,-r n:i 0 vrc:: ~d .:.,lei ,b ,, 1 lHC1~~~ t he 1,1ain targe t s ',{ yfus t 01 the bus ~ ~ * t Euc±~-2 ~ fil. •' L/43.Z!r'~ /.,__ JA.. ~~ ---~ /1 I P,'f.C - .. ,_.. 0 9 ¥ •- ~ cJ J~ MRXBX llau L..ee11 Ul: ;i..ea ;;i, 9 ~ by 1ii8e us t ama11 t eS l niou , a-i• J.lifl st .., '? ueii l, .n--t y ? "'¢Wry -L-~€6xe¼; • ~ ~ • .;f3,e!l't7~,-._v 4 Jbi.l i@: elcqa ~- ~-. 0 . ~• +-~ /le~ .. -} o?l:Z, &ll' ~ "c(_ r ../l,_~~ ±n u Qr- .t:i tJF¼- u l:ty&.xcse l a;rr½ . .fJ • w-aj u OliiE H ii cc ~~. .1 .( G-LEA~ ' e ~ 1 949) tsul::i t~mant e , a l so a i minu .ror t Le your16 er votFrs~~ tcFfir.P'}'r ax_xE. 1~ h i s 1irst candida te 1or the a "- -fo,r.-tt..,4,./ elections , x»e. 26- year- o l u nion ex ea~~ na, iec l.l,i.glJ, She 'ir ,3,r ·.n.. ~ ~ Joi!._d_ ' ~// l,-()IIJ, /1,.i'Wr,. f; ff111t-.lr'( "'V'h'¥\,( 1JiiJ Ntii ..,~ •:e 'a:~>»....-~ ~ ~ . llxbX!JlacN.~x i:a:xqr:&.xs. Tue <.ll!rr \,:,u - bai t ing o :f . . m-,,J ey awl tl· e I ax~~ ~ ~ C'( ....- i.,e-bii .11( ·~ -. A 13,; ; t,r,.,, t. ~v -r-1 -t'P ~ ;;:Z r 0,at ::t l!i tt s etbsgk c:c"l.ncnn• tllie, ti, :s wLett the Loudon Daily Graphi c J lllW!5 Jb ).. f'orceCJ to r ... 11 a re t rac tion and pay dama 6 es ~ 1 or cal l i H(, W I /># I' .RRa ~ /Hut-tr euou1 h -t, /> vM,c. '1 ,,.awrecy- a Comr.1unis t. l t was t he only N.JW.X:t~ newspaper a:iuu11 N 1:-ti •e::~ d.,,a,,,,_ oU l ill so r✓UOl~ ut the propa anda was no less e1i'ective· / ~ 1i'e:cf£:g~ M{ 'ii,;. .,,,;11::, t'fly_ ~ .... , .,(!..;.,.., ....lfrge su~ tl •r ~ 8:-i.~ . - 1 - rt-,-~ ((/~ /// 1 11e /!.t~ur ..,overrunent was pro;,o::;ii.t, ~(!o :to t~ c ow. bi>) wit-xi a 1 ew cJ- an5 es in t he Cons t i t u t ion , giyfn 0 more 11ower t o t t1e elec t ed->, 1 a t >I e,,.)rl--1./,, cf~""" t;,,,...tl f°c /,) "• t-1 i;f.P-,,,dv. ~ - T •e ameH ~ be e c.. t ec 0 1:':I. . tl c> cons tituency. . that r.1e1,oers- J;;;v - R - .-x ee~ s ;rt,'\,ls.Re3: sX 01 ao 11 c1l e. !'he ,1Jower 01~ tre u.t'l?er No11ina t ec.. chamber t o cJela} any 1..,111s "a::.sed 1,y the e l ected house . t;.:, would ue reu ced .1·roi,1 a year to ::,ix t1011t L::; . ,-_It was t,ooc...,. politi_cal thi11Ki11b ~ t o iuvi te pul,lic co1m,1e11t ou t he provosals bei. o r e co11clu~ ~ 1 i 11 tlie -1 ouse . rl9-F9 8 p0HS9-W8 b-~ e- e 3:e-hatt-*~t le-te - ee-w~th-trle-ibSk@e-er-t~e-ti~e-- • OTC ED, A JU JG!~ 'EAUTY co.·T~ST : Pat~e lu , 1' el> 11, 49 , GL..:Ar ~H • • ' UWI L ibr ari es UWI L ibr ari es he i'owHj out when t i e ~ _:)a:?:'y ~ a d istinct ham icap as Dri berg , -~ • af'ter a Jamaicanvisi t , ma c.le a t(k,•i,t!!!:;, 3.n.fla .. 1t.ff'U1::=e l ouse of .L,U;ls:l: b-:;Ff ruot:4l j !7 :j,,:a7 t.ha-pQJe:i.t~e.i J.-~-~-H.-etl-teF- asgeet e­ Conrions speech,'\il-,;~~~irr A=ii;.x;;;.;xxxx~x:itx• t.t:ti .:+::l't.lt~)!x:i~xxxxxx:x.:t.~xJ;.k~x ~~~~x~x ~ . u • ~ll • • , . , . ••• ~: . • 1 y S.XE.XR . ~ l..l.tEt:::o. K ¼S-~Bet~ -wa -e~-e HFSeT-¼B-h¼S-H0Hth ~ ~ 1J. {,,i...tAM -n.Jr 1'tt-/){1-te_ #\t l e will have t he sen::;e to elec t t he k i nu or ~overnraent II wllich/t5u:Hlr>~~efiad 1·ro.1 111'.r Nori,1a1. _,an.le) , l . C. , a po tential l eader 01: t he h it.,hest intelli~ ence and iiue::; t a1.a nost brilliant man ill t he wl1ole ,{e::,t l11d i es . 11 A ~kQ~**a *~~ cow1sell 1lli t :at " ii' t hey do elec t t ,at kind of' t,overrnnent next year (l'.;i5u) i t 11ey wil l be takin1:., a ._,re.t stelJ t owards 111akini; Jamai ca a wo:tt 1y and leac, inG l1e1:-iber of' the 1'ully ::;elt' t.,over11i11g .t•'eueral ...Jominion of t e i s not 1ar d i ::i t aut . 11 1 11 view the II )' l arty J1as taken breat 1•ains to teach itsel f ..... accei-> t eo U) Party . t , e wi s! es an, l eeu::; 01 our II ..L·ar, 1er::; . ( GL ~A- E,c l . 2 . 4 .J ) / wati coi.ti1.1....o .l I . 9 1 c xao - a ~Feaoy ~ nationalise lar,t..s i 1.Jrou,tct i ve ej for t ti 11 (IJ . 1 01 l 7 t ... .Jreets Joe Loui~s~ sly "'tr e::;:::,iHt, .,., Hn-te -~a=a- :i.t-e±~a~ t at t e Party dill uot inten to "nor I is:t 1yt esta li::,Le anu t. is -~w~i>~ti~-~ efencc w,.- .;:_:.......---~:..........;.;!..;__ ___ :......._.:;::_ ___ .._ of ~ ~ a11over small 1 ar. :ex accu.set 01 ~ a, resisti1.b ar.cest/:nN.X:.t: .. ave 00< at the/i~fift too~ . Xx.-,;aZ:!C liK ! ar Cl. , trit- a1 .. , ouvicted lor sin a ::,tic. 01. a1. -...;; otficious ~ ~usybocy of lad een d,.:,, ,t,ilf- u;...;/..J,/t, i · Q · 1 ~ ~-c,1/,~ a ~ -::;;; r-L ,oli..,c 1a1. ~ Lr a i:J e::::::rPEEi:: :: ot u~ anovdr mc11 ... n: ~ " i l U . ct knew eac ot Pr. The far er 1.au 0..L a cow , a ,A . arre::,t ~ " civil iatt< r " as aule) :::.ai , w e. t he c;oi,1:;ta le a tt e,,1pte , to The ··ar1over ua11 rec.r::ori.e, .. : i t ~ . ' !i::li-wa 5- t he tt.1 111., elieve t.:-&t. a co11 .... tat,le is ...,oi110 to ~ c., arrest me ille ,ally , la 1 entitl~ to wait until tl,e arrest is c11ie1 v JL.stice) a ,re et a1.d re, uce to resis t .. o t hi1. iH t 11e law says I am ~he Court J- A.l?~eal (ir...cluainu t l,e t e fine oy 1al i - - - a nece::ssity ,,o 0 t to .ec1re t l e constabulary £rum ex·essive NsR ' coco - 1accas . \ ~ rhe la,id ,ark ec i::iion t 1rnet on t he court 1 ~ reJ'lectiou t.at t e A. 1arr1er UWI L ibr ari es i~ 1,1\;~'1 p~'1 ·· ~ ~ OT,9: .., APT ,"R anley i1, :::;ports. Gleaner 19 . 2. 49 P .10 "'"is cy cli1.,_, CU.iJ. 1 a ,e l: feets Joe Louis as. .. ere as mac. of' l.;oi..ilh:~ uoaro . Con ,re::.:::.wo an / Claire Boothe L11c.e, wiI'c of' Ti, 1e 11a _,aL.ine pul>.Lis, er and liersel1 01.e oi'America 1 :::; mo ::;t J. a:.1ou::. '10 1e1. , tole tli.e ~.ir .Ls 01. .,011te bo ....,ay rli...,h scl .. ool i11 l;1l ',) ::t.xa.:t II J) 1 avoui i te t,c1iut i:::; ::,aint Agu:::;tine \vho wa:::, a µia11t ulae,...._ 1.,all 1ro11 A ... ica 01.e o~' tl.e c;:1:-t~~ t>raL1s o.f the ,,;u1_.L. . 1,;util 20u years auo , everyl>oc y knew he was a ulack. 11a1i.. , ow t hey c.1ont because peo.._- le ont •tei,tior ... it very ,Ille: .. l a.Lways re1:ii1J.<.l t,...en 0..1. it.X .. . Thi:::; is an aee i11 -e-1 ich only t '1e 1asse::; can do tl1i11g::; and tl e .. 1as:::;e:::, 1i.ee( t 11erc 'Jre tue best lf:!adership .xt Ltll~lfian, 1'~};.bL.2IL,,k1) l'he .._JeO,J.Le w ... o are 1...owri are co .int, UiJ ant t .._1e peo1Jle who are up arc co.1.i11g dowH. X It will take , reat wisc. o ir. oraer that tnere mip.:ht not be too muc.a ,, , I I' ,Ji ~ Ut.('J>tt,,J,I.,., t,,-; //,., d.. Mtt.i ', . . _ bloo :::;,...e ( GL , . .., 1. !.' .!. 2 1~ --.'.)) I\( ut) the r1 tisl. a :e e 1,.ot so bac. after ..,;ne--,r-t.rH~ -c :t? ... a:t-'W:i:Sba ... s all. Ti. ey '.i.ave lear1i.t an aw1 A .L .Lot . 11 Tl ev 1 ad les1ornt eHea;:;r-:t.e ee,-..-.ene e ti e JUiiB:iEB~r-:i..B..a1i1iRJUiJi-~ ~d-~Fe aFe-~re-6 Feelho-raF . ll itBa lik)l:1L£&.M£.k:&J.: llJEI HXlkJo.ll.,.liRliaflf!!f:iR6 :r.ii e snlifilii,i wnen ae neiby~g¥f;ri.i fi.&: aacient le::;son that tlie lauourer i::-; wor t i...y of' h i s .. lire rlie s11eL.uiu6 quiet 01 t 11e .c,ini,,ire had 0e6u11 , i11 p.Laces , reluctantly, in ot.t.i.ers with/E.a.DI.D>i i:N. / ~rown alacrity . These on.et i11e ~e, 1s 01. the l!im~x x~~ whose su1:rl r auu ::,pie es x:e.lX fee for t une~ ,iJl//t .u/✓..; . 11au xff.XKNRK x:sx:t:~rn.:e..s. 1'or centuries/into the 1r1tis!l e-e f=it.,.,EH.- , hao and Jec;ome an enoarrass'lent. adtt f;!r a pecent interlude , l ost lustre/ The tine had co1 .. e to retire the1a ,~ ::t/with t ne prover ~ ,#7ti. 1,1ur,nur::; OJ. regret . i..arcJ on t he heels 01.· t .. 1.e 1 lOn t ego ,ay Con1 ere ace I 'Sj} /Jill whic;h hac Leen 1·~-!(ml¥ whipt>eLl into session by t l.1.e Uni t ed J\.inudo11 ~r-f >- '. on West 111, i es i erieratio1'f\as a pr~1 u< e t o indepenuence , came tue invest..ie.nt 'lh.,·/~ ~,.t,rants 1ro11 t .. e U~ .r i:lase,,~ ' s Col oni a l and Jeveloµ.nent ~orpora- tio1a: for the r u1oina of' revenue - creating incJustries . JaMaica was oow11. for between two and three , till ion pounds :4, , ~J ( 51 - or . ) t o be used fl'\ ~ .!!:df!:t!~ t oinato erowi n a11d ca1ulini, , a cold stora6 e p l ant, irrit,ation schemes '£,;~j anc.. even one f'or our owu rcolOn) of a colony : t l1e salt ind stry in ~ our IJepe1H .. e11ce , t 11e Turl-...s I:.:.la1u .. s . Ti1e ne i ~nuourly ears OJ.' t l e U . S. /h,t[, ~{ l¼f~ -:i,N.R anti - colonial 'ffi, canada , &NN ~ traoin.., part 11ers i r.1./Lat i n America , auc. no t least, her ,-J,.,.tih·~ /i, bit. ow'!... t-= ious:1:-;-· pULJlic consciene e , woul d be avpeased. Like ! rs Luc.;e ' s k n ew ~ ~~X - colonies, s t Au6 .. Lst i ne , ever) t,o<.,y ~NxkN.E:iex t ha t / t 1e Hes t Indies were/:K>x i x ::i::d~. t he O-4 U#5' Cl,,,)"fu:::.:,7 7 ''"-leX lt_Y ~ enevolent Labour P arty . 11 ~ ;<,c7k, a • ,r J ~ 1 ,vi/._~~~ C, f"~~~ ---~ L ~ --k .-aA/1 V ;;,,,,;ti" i,~ Vy\ • , ~ 1k_ f_,, I 'v~~J ~ I' ' V r v' -- . - (, -=k5 Ct VI o/R ...... r ~ T r/J fL ct ,lu:l [),1_~{cf2_.f {L 1[,,~ f :;~,~c.t.'- ll . "o~ l& --4 . f/3. e,/ce_ c,( J 'h ~ ( e 1 ~ ;J,/'/--. c CP t,y- / ~ flJR-R.iL---JT~ V' 1-. t" - (l:- ~ (hb1..fo.,,, ( ~WvJL- It tC(fC() {le.~ V\h UWI L ibr ari es the C1.APTEH '.DG!.~~ When flr flanle, charete, a Jiri ti::,11 C~ribbean: Airwayb 1Jlane to 1ly i~:i., .L arty 1,1e,.1bers to .. ontego ay 1'or a pre - election . . 1an i , 1ag-inat i :ve " invasion", it was t 11e coMmencemeut of a cam1Ja:1.gn which N&:s :>..arx:x.:.&.N N. &. s:t.-3:,-,ae; 3:n.a:t.3:ve al t houg1. it provi de< t he 1 arty wi tl, 01.ly _ __ sea t s , 1'irb t t .iJ..1e + . . roww1.y del eated t l e Lauour 1Jarty in t he ~:li!t~~~il~ f . 1.u t he tot a l 1 M ~1.1:ii vt t..,, fw,_""41 .t,.., i., ::W~ /~/,'l/_g/,4. era w'h nu. 1ber of' vo t es cast. ,Art was aH ca1 ly ~ ca·t ion tfia t t 11e JLP / 1,1,....:1,e-wa I''- _i!fAP -R ~ :"ill.Al-/ closi1J.6 . Ar o oriipanief, oy sue!. 1Jarty stalwarts as Wills Isaa< s , , en v, .frank ill , de ard 'fart, VernoH Arne tt a1u t e St Ja11es canlliy 1orse11an an ey , w ,.o s e ri1 1.n6 gar was . . 1 is usual.citar sui:t <'· waistcoat itJ r, ckt .1.e . . . &N.Xx x±x x»ax~~« « ~a w a %o~e &:t;e~-±e lili~ e-9h%:t;-aR - neek %0T . is oevotion 1 Ol Part) , Xfl betweeu ter1 s t o !1is 1Joli tical 1 tt ure was co, u.1encinL t o .._;ay 01.'1' . Je11- ie t he rreq11ency 01 access to t J.1e newspatJers ax eujoyeu uy t11e . aJority h e ha kep t h i 11sel1' and 1;he-l--&:t'~ )'" Hi s 1Jol1cies iu t he .._Jublic eye uy t he i'or11us t Lea t.~rters. i n / a • .., i n r Sc;"H ±al? --!0 0 ¼h 1::- - l'..ue.1.we1.::;s Park anu a .ii3:n.c ± N t 11e s tre e t::; an} ... o11'ice ::;eekers removed , t He JLI eauer was oW%n.t:; ;t,H -"" ,,,,,n,1.:i; Tl.1.e c. i ty, ar,.c c::;Qecia .l-1} ,.,.i::; ie::;t ,. is collea0 ucs a::; .. e sww1, a1 out XNE loo.1.\.i11.., .1. or a sa.i e ::;ea t . :S]t • s 1 ~ • • ,~ 1 "' , ": . . . ::;aw «x~x JX,.i.oc:x:x ~ '',10Juas 1 -.1e1 ... oil c.1 .. • ac.t>.,.J.erso111. i,.i:;;. h:t..11i ter Q\ J ouGat:i.011 1-/ wah E;, - ~-:::,e":':i:-heer-%nte - 1n the i ncreasing 1 r equen~y ot i s Cn1e1· s v i s it s ~o is par i s and ri9C.Xmx:x xocx t:..xocx2(cXXXOCJX:XcD(ocxocx~ a t he damni ng wi t h fa i n t praise of his effort s in .:t.kK educat ion , a clear i ndicat ion t hat he was being ~ x oc~~ ~x~~x x~xoc «xx~~~XOC!X~XXX x~~~ p l umped up for t he sacr i fice. With his close £xiEN« and powerful friend A~xi:xNi:.:t:ru::E I saac Barrant, t hey t old off t he Chief' in no uncert a i n way abd killed that l i tt le xm»i:.:ti:~K p l an . The d isa rray in Dustamant e ' s party was so r idiculous that/l!e Oierl ~~ft ural Minister E . H . D . Evans , who had wal ked out o r ? iNldijWp~~f }Ybut who could no t be !'i red i'rom h i s mi nistry s i nce Bustamante had no such "cabinet "powe r , was being sued for slander l..iy "Prime Minis t er " + The capable and hard gning i n West King­ was making deep inroads inside his constit uency . Meanwhile , the Manley- led cry of " elec t ions bet~ore Chris t mas " was gat hering moment um . Pe t itions wer e f ' ired of'f to t he EXR governor i n Executive Counc i l in which i t was claimed that lat er elec tlilons would no t allow t he new government t ime to prepare a proper budge~ before ,J/.k, '( I • t he ~ st.~rt of the fiscal year . This was t he aoove board reason , ,, t he parl iamentary objec tion, the front office gambit . What was mo~ e t o the point , t hough , was Ha1,ley 1 s rears ::tux~ of' al$ enormous pork­ barrell i ng/8l eihthiLthristmas season . Besides/~fi~ngeason of goodwill and of " Christmas work " all that , a t radition/nad grown in Jamaica, 111.:Jrx.:Rg» an arrangement for Q-gWliEJfr~1ft maB e.iaM1iy~ori!fnRe.Qjs£SS t ng tyi ·uy e§.lD} ored i'.:&xx ~x . so t hey c ould Y ~ EX x X ~ probabil i t y of a UWI L ibr ari es OJ ~ ,~- ---~ runaway season of lu:::i},g ~ ot e-ca t ching bribery . ) The Party a.lso d - 1wri te-tin. . v - . ........ l t • t l t opene a newspaper aover ising campaig n..-.-x..lU'I. comp e e wi 1 ear sing to pay a g racious tribute to his arch-rival SirLennox O ' .H.eilly: the eminent Trinid ad barrister who had died in the sister c olony, "a man of remarkable advoca c y and a proi'ound lawyer, 11 h e once a gain plung ed into the camp aign to short circuit tt'~~iiti.t.~af;1Xn :for a post Christmas . XXXWB.:SXXXXNKXIDCX::illlBX~&X . . election . j;'.NE.x mxs::sxJC:exxxmx The P l\'P was playing it rough , hitting . KXIXIJHlXigmx»g hard at Hustamante from p lat f orm and parliament. It may have got to N the Lab our t>arty leader , a man with a xat:.tl:innr s h ort f'us e , f or be lor.e_.lone: h e was_,to dur i n,, a debate on an 'rrnstitu tiu1. &Ra ma:im.xma.111.lf.XN.XIJIXlf.XIQXNwH exp lod e in ltaF t h e Leg isla tive Cou ncil/ that he was a g ainst self e overnmentx b ecause "we h ave not proved we a re i'it a nd p roper per s on s t o gov e rn o u rselve s. 11 ;, ( GLEANEH i•lAHCl' 2 2 ) Surp r is in6 l y a c.i.J U11h. 1.1ulatt o .!: ~ ~l ... 1,; ..,astei-:n enoug h , h e was support i nf/:/ anx tunuu·i~ iinuepend e n't l!IGi:ii...xx.czxaiu r rDm S t Mary { CQ:Q.Stitt(IlCV ~ r ,o::,,.!M-/2.-, 1&.(r a j.X~ • n ame< 1{6 y Lind °1+XXXa:rufil(~__,. . ...,...,, ..... _XJGfX:IDfMX K){Y » xRakau~aJ: se l f g ove r nment as a b r eakaway i'rom the Commonweal t h . Hut as F l o ri~e l Gl a sspo l e asked i n t h e Lous e : "Am I t o une e r s t andl t ha t uecaus e any nation asks f'o r ::,el1~ gov ern ment, you are ~ breaking awa y lrom t he Comwonweal th? Am I to unders t and t l a t Canaaa , .t-'ew Zeal an11 and Aus t ralia are breaking away ? 11 Jr Lloyd r emi llded nustamaut e t ha t he had s11pported self' govern 1ent at t h.e/fi~~le~o ay con rerece . ,.ow ever L inda saw it, t he " urealca way " was already es t aulished in t he mind::; of' sev eral o t her Jama i cans , t he black and poor who , in a prelude tp t he phenomenal mNxam:e.:a.t back-t o - Airica ) movemeut of" t he later years , we:ee ~xan .. ~ting :.t«~ u t o• t heir EJri t isl ¥{ • _ f->.:iaclc. , v_• F~of,,o{l_ • citizenship i"or se t tlement in Liberia. le 1ves t A - rica' rPput;lic , f"irst s e t t led uy freed slaves t'rom the llni t ed states , had declared itself' wil ­ lint; to accept set tlers f'rom ~ a:ma±xa t he nri t isl· C<)ril rean colonies . ( GLEA1 1EH HAlClf2 J • l~uil d~ngs showed a depth lUl..«XHKX Kx~s.XXEmxxmxn~xxK»x x xiutxM~XXRXXX±¥X »±±xgR of patriotism that dumbi'ounded fr iend and foe . IIe delcared himself in support of the change which " in itself is a perfectly sound and good one . 11 He said : "There may be in the minds of some of you a feel ing that the changes have been brought about with some desing of hurtingX the work " but " I tllink t hes e is every reason , once Jamaica W plfa:e e 's con tract had come to an end , to create a ... statutory organisation ... entrusted with funds provided by the government for service to the community. " Ma ~NHXMXNXXX*¥IUIXX»XNxa~ENXXXX»NXN£x Kkax~xx ± k ~±x ~hit . In a way that was to become increasingly familiar as the/ VxxixiiiliM.B.X¥ kirl&:X¥ hostility ~f the stablishment to the PNP hardened into tradi- A t ~ 15~ 1.J~v., th a.-. i (. 5;HC"4{1...R1,. --z~-ri ~ l~~ tion, Mr::Maril6y d , he spoke of the ±»~ 11-year old accusations that hel_,_~ played politics with the organisation : " On your behalf ancfspe aking of the change that is about to take place , I wish to say this for all to hear , you have constantly and falsely been accused of using your various offices for subversive political ends . I can assure you it was K not your fault. It was mine . It was mine for hol d ingas I h a d held for many years the dual pos ition as Chairmanof this organisation and leader o:f a political party in this country ; but all Jamaica knows that your work was free from any t aint of disloyalty or disservice to the community ." - ~ l 1~t~ UWI L ibr ari es -> . . or .. Xxxax:i:xacti.lllXx lil~ ~s-a~ e*e ~es-~ ~ xawx.5~XXXX5N Sm:i:tlx.ig:xxxx&ld:ax±&n xaxx:tluex X&iXBK.x1111ucyx The fear o f guilt b y as s ociation h a d at t h is time driven man y Manley sup p orters u n d erg round. Th e mid d leclass civil s ervice , t h e clerical and supervisory p e op l e in xu p rivat e employ, teachers h older.s of p ositions to controls . and other7access ~&»x x x»x «&n:iouix and influenc es amon g t h e _ma ss voter s had attach e d t h eir alleg iance to Hr Manley and h is Party ; or so it was reasoned b y "Manag ement'' on t h e p remise o f' their own kind XNKX a of guilt , t h e wholesal e exp loita tion o f / x~xk~xx b ottomless employment trc;1.de "p ay- b ill " i1.o l ·:l - va or p ool p rior to the rise of t h e / u n i ons. While t h e ~~g¼B~Py ll~ a y~t&aie u - labou rer f.ree - swi n g ing d i t,' - ya Du1x-wePkeF t..OUl d ,)la y t lle7t, i e-tree nar..:.t wi t h t he p owe r o f h is union ~ n 4 -KXXlllXX .~~ nerhvous f ·tv d to back h im , t h e neck- t i e b r i gaae~~~~~t~xifl:Aixi¥ixNiijixailxiiijiki.'.Nx a n r espectab ility, kep t / ii.ii S ocialis t t h ough ts carefu lly screened f rom e v e ryb ody. And since silence i s not a virtue in politica l campaigning , t hey were of little help in~iili~faiWirl~ixvo~~t evenso, , iiitixlii to be in t he p red icament qf f i n d ing illlXXKXK~xx~ xxm&~ during t he Bustamante d ecade , ~ rgx~xaXtaII1£ ways to whil~WJ:Ul:XlUJS.XN~ t h ey woulu b e :xi:ex.i.Kx in bet t er h eal t h holu h i s f riends xxx KXkx~mm£wM':i:xgxx.i.xxia.rlKxmxx~•i.i.Bxrlmxx i~Jf.lllxXm aomi-c;ting~ klili~xaw~qr.¥ e l sewh ere . His presence was needed in t h e Hous e to "tak e t h e comrades h ome ."* *Ad ina ~pence, a ne~s vend or and llXB~ xm ardent PNP worker, was s h ot & killed on Jul y 22 , 1 9 46 at t h e corner of Beeston & King streets one nigh t after a p olitical meeting 1u1.•xxx~x•x . Her last word s were a call to other PNP a dherent s to walk XIDIK two o f t h eir :fearful p arty members h ome : "Gentlemen, let us tak e the comrades home ." C 11,::;p-rc -;z The f e ilin g of a PNP victory in the elections was strong in the Party. The straw- vote was ~B:i:~ pulling in undreamed o :f resp onse . kx decl a~ed t h at t h e Party Secre t ary Ve rnon Arne tt Sa:xal 1,_ GLEANEH 12.4.49 ) lUl:ildxtfBu s tamante:bc 5<.v/h/1,v / /h;'w-/v) mass :following is now smaller t h an ours." His wif e , ,Edna{ was not only carYing ; but weea s makine the public rounas in h er imxil»g very well a~-aeP-&WH- &P~-0~~-Pee~~V¼Rg -~ke own a b le { with qu i e tlv impressive s~eech es a s she jude e d . . way B~X~X~Jiix~ntg_ oeau~y com eti~ions ~ B~BNXK~ IUlXBXXXJQ.~XMBEXmxx unvei e d a h e c tor Whistler mura ·~k:i:xxxaxxxx xm~«xxa:xxxmmxxx at the Palisad ows airp ort. ( GLEANER AP 7 P J ) WORTLEY HOME FAI R & INDIAN CHILDREN HERE I Ml.ST GO BACY TO THE 1949 GLEAi\'ERS Jl.WE - DECEHBEH PRE- ELBCTI 01'' T DfE . .t.<'OR .. . AT Tl[IS POI J\T I AH GOING r~rro TlIL EA.NSA 11D FOR 1 950 JANUARY TO !lECEMBER 1HTH MA:KLI~Y c,, 11 OTJ ~, PJ\P 1"'8N I r- l•OUSE . WFAT HAPPENED TO WI LJ•fOT? I HAVP. NOT SEE1' PIS 'JAME Sil\CE TBE FIRST l'A.'SARD . VAS THEHE 1\1' ELECTION PETITlON ? UWI L ibr ari es SUPPLEMENT 107 ! Gl eaner ~ . 5.h9 P .6 They had also been politically c u rious with both part ies straini ng f'or r e c ognition in the one plac e it ou~ht to be a g i1' t : the House o f' H;presentat ives/xg~~fki¥eif t ches on , that stubborn son of the so il , ~ . Constitution ' s s i lence on the frequ ently observe d :tkax the Jamai ca « l!',l.NXXxxmx x»a xxxn~xx:s.R~ tt .e- 1 · t. 1 t. t . / the_. llr i tisl t. t t. l ma er o i po i ica p ar ie s . Bu xxm~R ux~x¥x ax~ cons i u ions . . . h a d nch ore d its d 10cra t :tJl .,p; prac tises on wh icl1 Jama ica wa sa zuu~ngaJE:li« wNx x,g; a tt e rn o r t he P, P f i ehtine, or1 i s s ues whereve r t hey c oul d a n t.I the JLP d oing it s r o using emotional c a mpaign arow1d the fuhre r - i ma ge of' Bu s t amant e . The J LP Chi ef' had mov e< f'roru vest l'ing::;ton wher e Ken 1 i ll was vrovi n 0 t oo good an o r 1;.,ani ser a n d too e<1ual a raul.Jle rouser . r:.ut h l ess l y , Dus t a l1ad t h r o wn out h is old 1·ri ends f'rom t he Sout h Cl arendon constituency , t he .for mer of his Partv l{l}.n-h and o t her hopefuls i nc l udin0 , . O .Terri e.r , who s itting member J ' /..., Cor k,( :tk:exlul~!tXMix JtXM:x.x~tt:x:x:il!i:X'Xi.'l.lllotxa axa :s.:snx :k.R.r,,;. flad 1 on ce held tle seat le1 t vacant at the eat. J.A , v . .:;; ,ith . an ev was onn osed by ~lllXXN~XXNx;,GNttKN t he popul ar 11 peo1Jl e ' s ma. 11 ..:dwar<. 11 ;oc " I•'agan . li table countries . Tl c rush to Enc-land l1ad .t15,;p1r..x cc-un , + li ,h tly at .fir st _ut wou,J..1 increase to ::several tuousands * he 1r.1.st two : tJ e mieratj,~r s to a.na1 I¼ i'<;)r :.t~ w0rl-._ o .. the canal ANT TIIE ,reat movement t o ~u~a the Cuban canefieids . Steadier mi ,rations had coi.tinuC'd to the U . S . A . until the new immit;rat i on ~aw::, slowed i t t o a quota- ed trickle . UWI L ibr ari es ) 1ve._i ~ ;Jr~ j~ rf ~L/-tj /t~✓r'f/ £} ~ J'i>7 ;r-~rl- fl I ,~ l c,._ ~ IA47 J-?> /Jl I 1 lf 1 - /2, 1 7 9 ~ · UWI L ibr ari es •. ~ r;:vr--~✓j{( IA ~~[:J/ ... ... ( 1 · • • • • 1 }~f!ic,.._.~~~:::'.!: .,>/J...., fl; IA A 1 l~vi ~ a 1 .\ A_ ""IP I(~,~ ~ 4.'I'TA_;. TC s l >7 A (A) 1Je · /w,/4 ~ ~ .: nrl~,ft~~~.,~'?!.t~,~r;;,~.ffiik-:::~•:, ",?:'116 th~ .,t ->1 ::, 0.1 t 1e 1 ollin, statio 1 ~ •~~.ffi;{JS J}'g.Jt::; ~ '... 1. r ... ~ Jl·~ -s -=inc pitcheu oattles on ti ?/' ,cr. ::rt, · i , .-"lrylanc. .1.-.1ac.. t,€::twe 11 tru ~r, ~ C..C,44.,.f.>,p 11 ,d • art h,an " ::sol ier::s 11 4 0 ~ da) t' lt led ~ ttJ t i robe by a / .fo1._ i sio11:.,, a ~ cc ) t i,.m •;n " T' c =-1 c::;::;::;::t:: in , l ich .1il s Isaacs was to .,tate ~ " i->l11.losophy " tha~ " a _ K}('N, l>roken s 1 d 1 y . anley i:~ a otatement as " inter .>er te an unbalanced. 11 J.t was a 1 d"~~o:rM 1a.1~ remark to be made t.J}M the ~ ula •• €;.J- 0 ~ be ~in • K1n..., ' s Counsel ~ ~c, v n~u u zo.:i. f l. J i s,.;,,~a by the .&.t.Nµ c..lear uia_, in Sil »ifti~xi otherwise confused etter in the dark and on their own terrain. The 'DO( P1~ retreated in good order down the h ill , carrying t heir wounGed 'LQ~.._~n.JL, ......... and ~ Ilg revenge. ·t -11 NMXMK They exactedJ 1 next day at Gordon Town/i na t K~ r~6thills above Papine, A JLP meet' ing was stoned into disorder . The day after , election- eve , ax both partie s almost me t head - on in Gor don Town and only a police road block held •them apart. 'i'he :SB scene was be ing se t for the elec tion day troubles. lll«xatN»xT1inqxx i:.sx:t1'112xi'.i:M»xx mi'.xxa x x:ta:e:Jl1xxa.i.±:e¥x And these broke ear 1 y at several point s of t he constituency on election day , July 6 t h , including Millin~ ' s Spring , Miller ' s Gaµ , Tamariilf,l Tree in the hill countr XXDJOCXMK as l'ithe PNP fou~ht despeai rately iw. fo. r control of t he s reets and to cr i lTip t.he i nning style of the JLP, For ~~ t hey had been shoved arouna by the more Jldliti:lM:id.::a-4:. • ½ 4Ei-1 • :__.u, • 7 a ht e:rp 11_..e:r\ei:~ xm • ,;1c r? 1 J.1 o (I flt L 1713 ~ UWI L ibr ari es attach to back or supplement 107A uninhibit ed "cloth- cap " JLP workingmen of' those years .»xxil Only arter they had set up their own retaliatory forces (such as .t..kR Kax :mi j "the fighting 69th " named f 'or their hq at N'o 69 Matthews Lane) were they able to hold their own . There had been considerable p,1x xw.x e-d ,;,;w;/:' , iJl.timidadion on either side but although the sua sequent enquiry/!!l l!l:lCE.N c1 · - , i;r i1iikix:i~l¥iYl.i '1::.:Ut:is+ Commis~ioner Hearne ' s virulent report , · / 07,tJ ~Rqxm±nx~a~i!U~XRX~Rx K»XkR:X~X~iKNxaixMaX¥i&ruix&~:XXlf.XX&~XKXX r o£ a:x~±axk NXXXMKXXXRKRXXXXOCXKXM~OCXXEJOCllnlilli~ E?AJ ~ 1 JJC I ( ~~~ N /,/ /1-, ifJ , _N -v~ ti fi A tr t-lr' ~c..; " 1 ~ /rJ >l~ v1/;e-f/L.,, ,'¢v'- ~ " 1/.,;;, ,(_ Vl U! ct;;, C'!'_{. >t ,i,;i/. •• ~ ) ,7 /4,, 'L, ..,,:;,_ /4; I)_ UWI L ibr ari es . i~ I d'f/4 • f ·1 ~ ' ·' • ~ ~ ' ,; w~s always conscnious of that.Sometimes very painfully . Because you see the first thing I think backon was those days at schoo l . This \'las very very difficult becausethey were a lways compa r ing you and very much to my disadvantage. Because I wasnt very good when I was at schoo l . I wasnt very bri gh t when I wasnt a very good student . Went to deCarteret. They used to give to be me a rough time on this subject,xAM■ quite honest. Ihixx ME: This was &a academically? HIM: Hmn M: What about athletics? was nt there some drive on to emualate the old man? H: No l never tried toemulate him . Rather the reaction was to do my own thing and be different . This is because I suppose You know, you felt you couldnt emulate and peopl e taking the compari son , seem to give you a rough ti me. The drive is really to do something different. went to America . I went to Co l umbia i n New York after Munro. I did my PhD in En ~and. I ' m American educated, I consider myself. do What wort of impress ion aia you have of him when you were 18-? I thi nk I was scared of him. You ever went to the courts? Hmm. I Listened to him? Hmn. I admired him. Obvi ously I was very fond of him . I respected hi m. But I was scared of him too. He could be rather, frosty, uou know what I mean? I grew up at Drumblair. There was a side of hi m that was very warm. We used t o have these soft of jam sessions on the mouth organ (up the hil I) ~le would be clapping or banging on the table or something . But he was the solo performer . It wasnt a band. think he was a so lo person. I dent think he was eve r really a team man.Not really . HEr was an individuali s t. A solo performer. NOMDMI . ~le used to go up often to Nomdmi. That i s, we mightnt go up for a month (or months) but someti mes wed go up every week. Wha t woul d he do up the re? He would potter around thegarden . He used to do a lot o f UWI L ibr ari es .. 2 ca rpentry. Makea lot of the furniture up therehimself. And thenin addition to that , he wouldread and walk and so on. He did a lot of reading up there. He planted the pine foest up there. Abpout 12 acres I think. He used to walk through it. All the time. He loved iaf•• the forest. I dont know if it was his favourite spot, but he certainly was very fond of the pines . He loved music. Had a very deep appreciati on for classical music. ~ He also loved folk music. Jamai can folk songs. Rookumbine , Slide mongoose . Did he ever whip us? No, he wasnt a whipper . He'd talk to you.I ontM think he evm beat me. I think my mothe r did a couple of times .. It wasnt a beating home. Maybe that was unfortunate. Maybe we meeded a bit more of that. But he could be rough verba lly. But he wasnt a harsh man, really. His exterior was frosty, but he was warm inside. He could be very kind. Religion : He never mentioned any particular denomination hepreferred. He hardly ever talked about it. I dont think he was interested in religion. He had a great deal of respect for individual church people. SPORT. He was there the day I equaled the 100 yards record. He made more fuss over it than anybody else . I had to beat McKinley and Coco Brown. It was expected that Coco would come first, Mac second and me third. DODUG LAS EMPHASISED THE WAY THE OLD MAN LEFT THEM TO DECISIONS AS TO CAREER, MARRIAGE ANDS~ ON. AND THIS WOUOLD APPLY TO EBERY PHASE OF THEIR LIVES DOUGLAS SAYS A LOT OF FUS S WAS MADE BY OTHER PEOPLE ABOUT SHE BEING VERY DAZRK, BUT NOT HIS PA . UWI L ibr ari es ... 3 ~~', :[ol.~ eA::::; -~1ro+ {'{wd., 117( lJ~ ~ M_o., .l2.e._,1 IC/ :ts1 :U,. -1 ..£.t;~ z7 ~ ~~ ~-. ~ • .J..-. ~ ' ~1:. fJv ~ s~~ °f ~~ .- S-lu-r.... 1 :fo~,. -i 4f e£-f-A . ~ ~ e.e ~. ~~ ovV"' 2 /) ~ -s+ . ,q4-,0 - J ~ -1, ~ ....£, . . ~ k,~ L 3L-.L....., ~ - Ii..&,· - Lv ~ V-du (:L,__;_e.-.Q.. L.., • V ~ cLt. ~v-e;- lS oJl-v~. /9(f'i CS -r~ . ~ ·0~. . • f~t~b~ ~ -W . +- V~. /~ ~ ~ .:_ -JI).. . 'S,:r l...~>( 0 't..JL, -i ~ E~w ~ ' -/o 6/-J-~ ~~ • / '1y'i$ - ~ w-wo l• e~ . ~~ ~~ 1::.. ~ -lo (~ C:.o. ~ , N ,W , ~ - -b ~ \-~ ~ 1..uec ~ C . '°~"-<.~ { WC-0 ~ s r--1L ._ ~ , -J 6~ J:;:__.:.._ N •W , ~"'" ~ f ~ . Mullll'L lo/lJ. ~ - j"°~ ~ - /-lt-~CJf,_ At+,l:e.J-~ "o'~ l,.lvVJ ~ ~ -~ ~ " . 'S~{?) ~ ~ . ~ !<131 ~ s:r °J..., ~s~ ·_ S~ - ~ ~ ~ 0-~ - q~oL:-.G\-. V jJ;,p_l,,~. a , - ~ y ~ ..:_ r cf -~ ( I ~ ~ ~ ~ cJ-d-c:-::;R..s ') 'Suh~ ~ ~ c:.L;..~Wi-- v ? ea.,~,, 1-v .·- ½ S"~ f~ (_ ~e,i.,~ ~ l 'i S-~ ) ~ 1L,_ ~ ~ l~ ~ ~ --.JV' , ' N. W. ~ ~ --i ~~i:>I.A."'- f ~ ~ ~ ~a~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . $~ ti 'h.., ~(;,. - ~ ~u-J- ~ t\.\ , Lu . ~ .~ > ~L-r t - ~--t- »e.-e. C ~J &,.____. ~ ~ c;L.J._,~ . ~~~d- ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ eLA.u- . ~ d.v.~ "~s'~ - '\ ~ l~~~ r~~ ,, ~/r :j - h ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ +o ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ t~ - ~ ~ a-OC L ~ c/..1,J ~~ -1--~;.. .__!:.- Ls ~~~, .::..ib-~ -0., . J. ~. J 1 . UWI L ibr ari es 2 . --- . • .. / .. : ' • . ' ' .,;;,•i ,L,,-. ~~ ~ AJ .u . ~ ~~L, ~ . : .. · ~ ~ ,;.- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~i~~ '\ r+<~~ . •• :r ~ w-._ (>_, r? ~ ~ c:,, - ~ <;c-...~ (,,fo.,,3 ~ .f, 5 ;r :f - ~ ~ ~ ~~ k :rt>-.. L ~ ~ ~~~"'~ A~~"~ s~ ~. l, lJ"'-- cJ--sv .,__. AJc.k. /-/ere ... · .. b ~ ~ w:tt),.,: ~ ~ ~: ,, 1-k. ~ +,,- ~-S ~ --<. L~ ~ _., l1 A "'-o~V "'-Od....e-sV ~ , /,k p._LJl- -ku ~ - "" ~- I ev.-.- ~ C-L~ .- o..,..__ H -~ ~ ~ 1G. ~ ~ •/L 1-k ~ Jd'=- ~ 0--IL.r ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ -\ ~~. ~· Ex~ ~~- 71 ~ ~ ~ to·~½ ~~·e.- ..:... ~ - ~ ~ ~ -IJ " ~ .h 0- ~ ~bL ~, ~ '"\ ~4.J k~ ,, (~ 1, L ~ ~ $c.L-~ ~~ j ~:,, ✓, ~ h k...:_c_Rl, ~~ -~ 'r' ~ ~ ~ ~ . - 2 - GQ A--M - G · C!'<:) A-..--v ~ ~ to~ ~ ~ ~ ~ k ~ ~ ~ CA--1.., + 12 - '"~ ., (;, . ~Av---.., 1L-- ~ la~ ~ ~ - €0 P\\A,-\ • ~ ~~ ~ ~ p AX~ ~ . ~ ~ ~~~~-oU~ ~ J;L._ ~ .k ~ot., ~ ,//-0 ~ ,{ ~ 4~ :_, ~ ~ .).__, ~ ~ ~~-i.,- ~ ~---~ - .12.--j . Oi--v ~ ~ 1/ __, ~ ~ ~ -.( ~._.:._~ ~ ~ s~ lo ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - \,-C◄ ~ y-- L,-..,/~ " r -- ., ~ ~ ~ ~ J;. ~ ..:. LI~ C<-V 4------ ~ la.....v ~ ~ ~ ½ ~ad,---., ~ ~ ~ , ..tdc_ k UWI L ibr ari es s+~ ~ ~ S~ ~ • s~ ~ ~ fr-' b.. ~~ ~ . /-k ~ L ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ::s~ ~ I!>-, ~~ -k ~ -~ 1l-...- s.cJ..;.~ ~~A~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ . . ) 1 ~ - 7 ~ ~ ~ -:_ ~ ~~. S. C. . S~ - o.., i,-.,°1\~ - 4+ - ~ ~ ~ Al , L-) . ~ ~ ~ ~ . S~ ~ ~ 1- l~. &.. ❖c.JL ~ ~ ~ .k ~ C ~ .:... <'S~ ,r"1)c.,~ ~ ] ~tl ~ Le-o~ ~ ~-~ o½ ~ ~ ~ ~~ -.\ . " 2 ~ y{,,..__ _ g • . '~ 11-.--~ ~ 1, /} , IJ ~ . -~~7.,, ~ ~ ~ cL,:,o(., . ttc., ~ ~ ~ ~ • ~~ ~u).,l- .:. 6-o-:,~ Jl,,)U;....' r ...)~ ~ s .:- f~ /jc..o.t~..:.... E~. - e - ~ - ~ -~ le-o1- ~=, ~ ~~ ~~~ . ~4(, ~ ~ ~ ~ _.:_, _,L~ ~ ; s:~ .::r:- - ,, ~ ~ ~ l~cL:V~ ~ ~ ~ .-.... ➔~~ ~ '' rtrt.c>C ~k-, t ~ .:_ ~-Tc~ ~ ~ ~ ""'Q...v..'s ~~l . -s;:, J . le,~ ~ <&.~ <6 ~ tO .w . -IL., cld-~ 1 ~ ~ ~d.. ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ij_ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1- -fL.; ....:. ~. ~ ~ -l-L,l... I;{ '. 1;,.. ~ ~ "I- J.:.., e,J.V., K, ~ s~~ s-. - 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ft.J . w . - A~ ---i v~~) tL.ll.-.~ ,A ~ ~ 4 Pero½ - h " •, J 2-~ . L~x. t)'~ - 1-1~ ~ -6 Pt.h.~. s~ :::r - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a,., 0v :r ~ -~ _L_ ~ ~ ~fL ~ ~ ~ 0.-.., ~o~ L ~ k ~ ~ ~ . i ~e.JL, L ~ (}._; ~ .s.~~~ ,{ ~ k w ~ ~ ~ ~ -k~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-_, ~~~~ ~ ~ ~ . -r (._, ~ ~ - µk ~ ~ t_x~ ~ ~ ~ ½ ~~- UWI L ibr ari es ~ /-/4_ ~ a., ~ ~ .: )-:... ~ ~ ~ · Af..1,, -h · ,o.,, ~ ~ - Si·,, .J. - " 1-,_, ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f,-r 1L- ~ _11 UWI L ibr ari es 4o . ,.ANLEY l'JOW IN l OUSE t A few minutes o.ast }f11u1ntx x x noon on 1:nursday January 12th , 19 50 , Norman Manley was sworn in as a member o f the •ouse of R ep resentatives at Head- q uarters House' r,uke Stre e t a x and d e facto leader of .t.bue Hlils r-1ajest y ' s Loyal Op position. He leo a d o z en o r his/~ ~furades into the mahogany x.:a1P1 f If :Nii!lll:S i::.t:i.i&N. .s. n....L ~ pa e a J.eg is.La ti ve chamb er and pickec u p a f riend ly In9 e_pend ent L .1 . >\ ~~, r1 ... ~, ~ Iv ,r,.I ~ " t-"l).f/1 'Ii; ''/ • • I -' -~ ; r l -, '-.t-~ n l PV Al bert Scott of' Eastern St James The JLP had :i!m. I ) It . l - , _. _ _,, ., !litrJ ant ~1 ~ v[M wa::. _ - .. C olM1 i ~i:ii:ia:N..S proud and vain..(Wi¥h a unique capacity f'or hard worRr Jlt:1 -. ,/ olt< /\ L~ usually unf'lurried in theAHouse but his opponent s had not been Manley , ,a,j1fl~f, Ken Hill, Wills Isaacs and i:f:-i:, !ctt· ;e..;,; . He was visibly unstuck that 1(/~il, Thursday February 16 as he went into his Motions , being corrected on ~/1./;c;. procedure once or twice by I>r Lloyd and losing his place in the procedural o.~, J list i _ngs. Even the Minister 1'or Communications (Mr Bustamante) , anxious Pl'.~ .b J.~,a_...,, ~~~m s:i6-.¾ ? (311.A to make his I.Il4Wl- 6.J;L.Aft old handnbefore the new boys, was}\1:nti ge~ t l y J I O!<-'N-•{ n,,:,.fte /,,., , dt:..rR • e!ttl n~e ~< - / i,..t/;jjJ ulled up by ~ Speaker r: an in1' req1.ienc¥ on 'ei!te part of //Speaker I' -v \ CVJ( ...,,,..r ;,II 4 nv,/le~ . A,, t;'Y lth.~'"'11 ' bvr 1t i\Bit't it ~;_ lzf._};V\. to 3 xxx.hi~fX1tx ~ky , inept Lawton Bloomfield to p~w~ tt;,e/L tig er x » atx~K:.tx :«:iaxRai ~~ his colleagues to be clawed :-1: /J.U~ .::,vf(J/4 --~ 7] ,'>"1£•••:f -M anl e y had sat silent through the preliminaries which included the appoint tmentsof several llouse Col1llilittees --- all from the JLP member ­----- - --t:J_.f-w J.:.. ~l. orl- 11,WJ -'U"i ,f~ i'- iiii. .,6,fv:h':,..,~ .~ -l:, hv -rfo,.liclt. ship. ~k ·~e sat the bench in the familiar court room manner , relaxed , ::.:i,gll_t knuckleK yet alert]~ a t his lpwer jaw , the fore and middle f'ingers lined along his cheek .xftM"xAw!~~'ix ~ifJk~acteristically , his first words in a parliament ary debate was tn XXN¥ legally tidy a piece of r etoric f'rom in a way ~=•"<' - • • Hanover ' s J Z Malcolm/ that shook the House witb laugl er an rew x ~ .inti&n reply 1a.iority ;,.,..,µ.tti:lw.-t t?f f • ' 'tiVi'"'?J :sbc:icxxxx xx~ rrom the a1il:smx part y spokesman11\that his party wou la not 11be intimiclate9Muy any Minority Pa~ . " 1 .,p iv P cw- cf The lloom:field motion ~ d the/ TUC of inflicting " a reien e UWI L ibr ari es t ' , ~ ~ /J~rr,.,.,,tft --Js- ~--'-•" Alii.'Y ~ /:, l U , tJ I 4 J rt 4vivJ!f 41( ~ a _ t-,~ft--l- ,..Lil "' ,., la u, ta( d., ~ y ~ - f f Af..;{ Y~h Pvt ~t ?-l . UWI L ibr ari es I """'~ IJV'<,l';;is-109 .,-.-·, tll,h1/ ""'-, I of' te:rro ur i ng t he Hyrt l e Bame s trike.:, The rollowed was curi i.n that the k.ario»lltX iiajority Party le t its case t o :X: t hree k ~axa x :t:xx»x » x limp speecfies 1rom ~nree Labour oac benchers. :rhev 5=.C4.'I"- < ✓ ~~ were t.At11 ~ Q ll«x:Nl!L ~mi:~ slaughtered uy Hanle who spoke f'or Only Nr Hustamjnte , among r~ /w 1 ...,,,. ..;-. • t he PNP . Xl:XMJH{KMX'l(l)O{ Labour members""'who ~ a- dis ree t l')silen~, . . . . bv:t" 7; - ...o_:_ < • . (£? "1'-( a,,., t. 4 ;(. essayed • :xx:txx«~in't~err up t o~~~ .W'h-i c h w: • - • o-1~ it.,-~~ j r,..u.. -k. 11( Y ""'l,L ,.. ;&... /ti: Ml'\ . ( r i fr. • r x ~ x.:.kne.cl..~ ' :,t~ • • ~ :;(;iXbtx ~ x &i~~~~~~px~~~~~ ~ -IAJ t(llnflJ~- ·~.,,.blxlx.:x.zxbti"oc nxi:ii1.l:~ x. ~~:ibxtr. • 6L/.. Xff¥ 'iffN"xxxx a5Ci:»gu---=---·x JJXJ:tlgl<.xxrex~t>belc.bc /714'"~ in t he• :f:i,ve years of new p olitics , fJ~7 e.. 1. For t he i'ir st time~ / :tluu:lHC:RxNatx x s.:t:xWl~ the P l\P was 0 9 I stron in numbers and quality . :N.NllO:RX 11:.ai.:.:i:':lqr and clearly an overma t ch f or t h e Labour l>encl~es . nu t not that t h i s pattern s t uck consis t ently . As the da jori ty membe rs overcame t heir awe of ;StiRti- 1 ili~~ifilM.M t h em~ and s topped thinking of th . 1 th ,, 0 • t. " t h ; to£ xa~rlati»» ~kR±x em5e ves as e vpo s1 ion , ey go in t heir lumps . ~ lh y )f i. ~ t7.li~4 p ()--i ~ i-i f CHAPTER ~.,.,. /4, h... / fv f /fr,.,r/t.., f ' !.;'f'vM'l bla /// u,,-..f,/ I ,30 ~ 5 ,../w/'7 n.. v;,-n /1-t/j It was one of t hose historical coincidences t hat Manley , i n h is f irst parliamentary week h 1 t sou ct mee up with t he man wh o would play a p rof'ound part in t he :f»:t:»xJl! ~ ov_e rnment Mia.i::cd« he would lead at t he ~election. 'I'he rnan was ~ t... Cwbury , the Economic Ar1Viser and Planner for t he Saskat cbewantw~...;~nment ,. Canada~ ~'Ile was a man of' I fine , c ~ear mi nd and a g ood socialist, " Said NW) o:f h ±nr. a-:fte J?\.t.Dds, g i vin/""tb.e highe st compl iment of' t he day . " I wish we had a couple 01' t hat calibre here . II .~ /ltlP J.1,,( !Jftt -- '1I;/ ~ Vic V'Y1_ ..U.Wl-w. /;;; A±_ ¾7~l tll!l 7 ,¢ · t h at hel ped to offset t he ---._ I ~ _+was a goo d ~ ~ B~~ocii:5dxbwoqactx pett~ anno!ance of' a » • ~ o.. E/J;b'iv7f/2'/l-r, , 'J •11-Jia;-a-t w itiiru - - ~~~~J;:.Flof!_si=e:J.?t; .e,;,an ra:ff""ttte e iiin.g.:S n J;d cb / uibmta:wc out .;;J:ae p;p p:.la i'o't a rr- e ~ s ion to d OiFte-g-.. JJ s-y. ; fll½i~~H~~llix~M~ believed t h at :tk:e. h ustamante still smarting f'rom t he House deba t e , had on~ more cosied up witllt he Jl}auou,Jvred t h ban . p r ocla;t:at i Gtt .-., Hore Governor and / i;rodx.xbb .eod3axorocba.t~;xll!N.X x ~ salt to the wound was the los s o f' some £JOO which t he railway excursion woul d have .which was , as ...,;-/v.' brought :s. the Party / ac1lm,a...)J,.,U. dhh'•aitt IA d ,MJjrtl). r "74 /'Jfla< 1 k 141✓*1 J$/h, //1,,:, NAM~Y~ btt3B----B-SA "THAT BLESSED LAl\"D OF PREJUIJICE AND !<'REE ~ TERPRISE . ''QfANS D 1950 VOL 1 PAGE 45 ~ ~ ~", L on other matters, the PNP minority received short shrift. \ One of these XRX:e was the important House committees . The PNP was denied tlJ.e x~ right of choosing/~fiich committees mxJUU!' a minority / l ittle Ns0 z was f'unc t ionine member would serve. TI1e result was t ha t ~eP-~ae-•e~¼e•a~¼ve was done uy the PNP in the House infra structltre , ~n what Hanley / Iii~~~ call the " i'unctionless barren and usele::;s Commit t ees. " hen Manley wal nted to go to the Agricultural committee with Broder ick CHAPTER ~ e i:f Gas Woiks on Page 59 oa n-make-a good operuhngj A:B.-bt5*,' -*eU½ ,Jffieit1?°4. An ugly old red brick building beclhing flame and smoke , night and.-Q_ay.across the railway tracks at the end of Harry Street ka:o1. housed the cit; ' -;-g~o~Like the railroad , it was .£.sa~ii:H~ costly to t he Government, burning out its subsidies a~-aeme »~. at some$ O,oou ~, a year to service a!,o,Lt 1500 customers and a ~ s treet .lamps. i.i The works were run b) the city corporation, a body in no goocl grace! with :irll.ex J>G.~:xM.a:~:s Bustamante_, dominated as it was by the p.r,.;p. :itlllX X.N.R.N The overnment was,_for scra in . the. hole+>out f'i t.kiNi.l!.Manlev ,,_the ex- woodcutter µe-aHR~a~-~a¼A-&e&H•-8 ~* %R -¼ s-ae~%e¼~-P enea-~ae-r.ewee- *Dlacksmithsf~dentists and all sorts of minor i ndustries depended the c..oA.f c..of•at...~d. on x%s cake-fueled wnrks im for industrial~as. It creaked along on its 70-year old machinery.with gaping holes in its ancient walls)and was itself a minor miracle in that it did not b low "fl the ws.:s:t~x railroad yard and adjuncts . - - ..... ~. ________ ,/ from Guanaboa Vale argued eloquentlyto keep it as he pointed out tllat ~ordwood was getting scarcer all over the island . Fuel , he said, would soon become a real problem to the Kingston housewife. I~ got wide sup­ port even among h i s opponents when he observed(in tlte ' Fifties) that electrical stoves woulu never become popular among the"ordina:ty people of h.ingston and St Andrew ." His advocacy saved the ancient works for UWI L ibr ari es 112 ... awhile but even more i mportant,/Iini~sf~ie~a~~~iego anyway , it enabled him to stFess- ~a& put before the country the fu ture problems of a griculture. He argued for the preservation of the remaining woodlandl t~- prevent xm±x erosion ; woodlands which would be sure to go for fuel if the gasworks suddenly closed. fd(c Agriculture was his great concern and he could ~ e xmx and scheme the night through with pi:e.:&l'lX2 Arthur Thelwell, llarry Dayes(who had a pine- - -- although due to the apple project for t he east st And rew h ills)_and others! He-was-~b:B*:H -s~- ~~tii~~, l~I R~rB0 ~tt~~~tl~eh~a~ ak~n~~B~ ~f B~t~~Y~i~hfor 12 years. It was a fine ,kxu~ carefully bred herd and it took a l ong_ time and talks with his friend Richard Williams/before the dec ision was made . The herd was taking much of Edna ' s time, and , as ever , her work and future was firs t in his mind . What with k xx drawing , painting , carving , / ii~tl~fxpXR~axi:N~ . . wh ich_ she had. foun ed x.&x•ki::N.zz wi:ikx t he literary magazine FOCUS :fmxx_p1«»x l'l~-w.fu,ea- ~e-:as~ Ef¼~~f'p' l ' J&~~_?'_,Jt XH&.s he c ~ ~i~'' t6-Qc. v;,p 7Z~ ~ lishing and working wihh yout h clubs , ~z~e z :&~~ t , ffl-@re outlets 1wNli ~I tt D-t,tk; 1er energy ~ .,,e i ~ . f ( DIARY P74) h" h That he was less t han oi'ten drawn great tried Manley took to the Houe e a new/s tfndard o.f debate./Jd:ex xa)!;X»E.:iL ::s.e:itf.i.Em into a shout ing match with h i s arch- f oe Bus tamante, ~mitx xjQ,aj: took , ¼ t l , 1-ie..,,,../ ,,,, n .,-1/,1, .: A,1..,.l-, tu._:ll, f .".,;.,fi,,v , 1:3...,,lz--~ restraint for Busta was a provocative manJ a relentless t easer who J pro ~- ll to scuttle some oi' Manley ' s bes t efforts by charging him with "lectur- ing the House ." The truth was,however , that Manley ' s sheer brilliance in cont ribution often had both sides of the chamber hanging on to his words -- - a condition Busta regarded as precarious to his own leadership of l1ib ee~~easH cp/~1,d , rt fo--/~::::-:v~::;:,:f;;f;e 0 6cf (!l-~1:- 1,(/.rc/tii~ l Y"I~# fe4btJ,-..(",·6,/,f·/· .s:,;, collea~ues . The Cons titution was;,._ ·; n:1n: tt:c1 =Tish J'i I fS::'lwJ. §e lon~ as SW 11,ii~~eiation of "the }Iinister of communications ( Bustamane) welcome policy of silent reservation in this IIousex~ (MINS. P .lJ VOL.l 1950) -(as the) unfortunate anu~ nwilling agent of t he Executive Council " (MINS RlJl , Lfianle.y votErs had uistinctly ~ Vol 1 1950) .liiill9=~_p;i:i= was in goocl fe ttle ,f'or t lie-•!ii! ee41 ii.GR-0~-:tl-le-EHH:1RtJi1y- A;!el?reH.lv-Ha-RkevJ.s shown t heir pre.ference for the PtP. The trend kallix»lflf.N x~~~~~A~s~•~•~•B~*nx R~Bxxas x ~Nx±ux ~•zx NRx:tx H±R~±x~Nx had been proven . The Party was on the verge oI' Let ting in and he was not especially about to brook any obstacles . He was XW~¥X~~~1~x awxa xN~us~x m~m~~x x~~xx±xld:ax ~~l\l.s:b:e.xKx ±~½lf i ~xsiu,d.xa.txtux1fkRxiJilxiMfi£xRx:H1i~x severe in protecting UWI L ibr ari es l ' A L<.IP-OF'F POLITICAL CLOUT llJ his i'ire from the JLP raiders in the House. The dec i sion or the MaJority Party to/i~.ti1h1iNi.xa Yallahs Valley Land Authority roused him t o t ongue-lash the m~xxt. movers for " t he attempt made t o borrow our idea and disguise the fact. ' " (1-'INS. VOL.l ~ 50 . P 167) • x~n~~ Le tore into them i'or opposin6 and even r iuict linf:' the PNP cal l 1'or .i:>lan.nir ~ AP rar back as l94l , the PNP had proposed the :s:Et.i±N~x iu government~ . a:x xa::t:i x»x:sxBa:xi¥x ka:NXX'.X~ li:&Xs.BNM«RJ&X:il'I.X N.plXctXXi!i.X es t aulisLing o.f a land au t hori t y todo precisely wl!at the X-I,.,JtA YVLA ~10tion was putting into legi::;la t iou . " You cannot teach y8bl.Fe1:~ yourself' not to believe in planning, a1Lc that the ills of' thi::;cow1try cannot be cured, and that it is not the duty 01 g·Pc 1tive wl eel anytin,e tlH:.) cJ..oqs . ..... , 1· , • '-CA,Y¼ c.i 9. 'Ul _. ~("'- ✓~ ~ {.,/),lt rJ. ~ u i,vu (JVr 1¼. burl- , • l-......:r- ' .KRXxaxxmNx«xl: -fnut x x~>R-Na:xifii'.:tiluTvv~ hcla t.1at ti e .o-;.112x:exN.MX oloni<1l C,fi'ice .t ~ _. ( t11e , overiwr ' s Prnploye:r>- would never thwart t 1 --r j objectives 01 the ele<'ted eove rnment , ¥J'J lt l e ..,nclish e;overnor would be ~'P'-w. •~ost carei'ul about e~ t....si1.0 tlwpower ot' llis casti11G vote. "It follows tJ1at our i'ive representatives there have the most poer.ful lever in the world to secure tLat any po l icy they wanted to carry out is carried out ," he once said , ad~XKXxx.:e.x &N§d.R.!t that a1.y lack o.[' power there was lay not in the constitution .---,,.Cw ~ _,.If' of the leadersh.ii-> 01.· the JLI AJP.ver1uneqt. ,'~~ ~ e- a twk ~ C-1/tt•Ji•--""l vit , <-.1..t✓ ,f i!-?/" v ' (lC( Off'i ce l ~ Y anci all q ou.---arg tJ ging i:3 t o .:.a.How u I t;µ_~/c'J r,9 ('Cit ~ - IJ t o carry on the sarrie l-\autiquated '\ ~ = . Y,..,u dont even put up a i'i ght. UWI L ibr ari es ( \ " You just come here and bleat about embryos. ~lOJ{i]GUOGC{ (A re:ference to Bustamante Is habit o:f /~~r{¥?t:X~to himself' as an embryo minister.) I am not interested in embryos. They should not be visible. " USE THE GREAT MAl\LEY SPB"SC!' I~ }lOUSE I.AN"BAi:tD VOL 1 1950, PAGE 201 I r • i t • f' t • t • / the b 1· l • e was [,ain ng some sa is ac ion a seein.., al num er o· 1is pro - posalsa t l ast l!IB.:i.«~ enacted oy the Labour 0 overnmentand he was not tactf11l a~av ;leo off bv. their llimm..t.JtN IJlfll!UfXX e.1l0Ut:)l to turn E.XS.XN.lUUi as they were .S.KJfpi.t of thei for monkey ." They were no t so passionat(},1,y at .Ii '7P~ .ttt. Hr->cHHOHOQf~X publ ici /So 1~an1~~C~f~~~ f'~r a' warnrAtl~iniOr,o~Xt Pd OU 01 attacking t ho ... ar t y notwithstancl i n t l e noFJf t n•ck wi t h Hu~s i a , he would do so am 11pu.slii 1.., him ont C'l rse . " !'lie ~xecutiYe . J(en I i ll acree to utto .... u11 . But the r es t less , volatile vills I saa feelinr; his oats . a.i.t,..-Mi9.k.i..;.e - Jr.+ ~ e.- + 00 ...... 'vitJ t,y a lawyer i'rier.cl/f{zt.t villE- 1'utrtMxs,,UOOi i1 l,e s 1e1.. r ::;lauc,f r ( and other Executive mcmbers/kXXXl.~ :!een gainea. :;t..~fJJJ/.... 12.d ~ ,....L-..-.?V> / ti "l,, , f_t:{i;_ c&~ ~ ~ "tu~; 14 ~ be ri h wing ~ they ~•ere t.o be utted and di11cardedA_ in ractioal te ... ,hat ~he Hills bD ll rt oul take oyer f roa ~b• a i ddle-cluaa le er•bip. 'tbh ■ight be cca v"i•ol:, looa-t.era, but, 11h la&&cs • w 1.bi u an i o:i.edi te 1.hreat to hiaure 1 f. He had al ready co c i •eel ley &..nd t of finally I. king ov~r ro. , nl oy hfg&elt. aurn•al u 1,he No. 1 en-1 o f 1,he l eft (with •boa be bad had occaaion 1 flirt&iiou11 i o t.ll..1 u1.) . Uc decided 1.hut. the beat -wa1 t.o 84Te biaaelf .-e.1- 1,0 raibe t.be c:oa:,w&i • t. alAJ111. r i d ly cu1 \.hey could. Ue waa • ea u -.be eott1. dwigerotli> •••b6r o f the rlc~- ,,,.__# ribht lliug an 1.hey bad • be ltliy ree1,ect f or bh lack of scnl) le. e r &lly 1rt.;y uJ,, ort. t o hold his .oeition aa next. ■an t.o cmley. t, all UWI L ibr ari es ' J_,, • ' ... ( ~ ) tf71-,A,U,,tf ~~ trJ., 11...1 ~ df' U, r~Atbat t.he great •vlit in the arty ..-u c&\ls eci byll a t.oi.al •i•re&diDC ot the tea er of the gener-al party aeaber•bip. the ac.so o ·t.he art.y memberahi were 11;boll;r ccwrai t.t.ed .. o 1., • conce1-t. of CL n Ucnalui&. .woveaoot. of a refonr.lat characl.er. lb ley--Netheraole coabinaUon m waa t.he accepied leawerahip. They were awa~• of cooflicu ri~bio 1.he Par~7 and t.bey ~ook •idea but • •re iearlul of e i~ber ri bt ving or left • ing takin& ch&r&•• ~ l u Both right dog &od lefc. 9111& leader• liiould f i Dd their •QPport • eltiog awa,- ••re eii.her l.rior to each tarting gate. U, ie aho t.he tact t.h \. •hen 1.he spilt caae t he Hill• u J ~rt took wii.h tb• only a all fracl.ioo of ~heir Muppoeed. f ol lorin • >) . .A--v.~ff U)h %.v.A..P-dham, 7c• .ind Crabb ••r• gi Yen tihe choice of redgnat.ion or ~ •x11ula ioa • UWI L ibr ari es () lj .. • ' I "' - ' , . ( 3 ) ~o da.:,a befote be oera.1 Cooncil meeting hich bad been ca lled to /(_,- I(' ~ consider tbe Comtit.t.eo•a lle ori. he aa ed ~ ll"bether t :.:CIH ;g'1t a ~olution Ir A n ~77 '¼ :>~ e,(' coul d b f ound. I tol,i h t .a.t, the t.bing had g one too fas:, .,I did not. ·,, ~-t; ·~~ aee ho, it. wu ~o• ible tor rea l uui~y t o be ~c Lieve'¾:ain. 'llwzc an m th l..l., -i. 1--d... -0/~ fy 'll t'ih-~ / ,},' /( I q J 'v ~ ..!PY'k . Mil ~ h , .--fftc//tY ek,,.. I t.b~ u iN J H.3 ... 111. lo t ile los t moae11l=et .Ken RUli('etsg kii'z4\but J ({ hh s1,occh a t t.he decia1Te s.,eeio.l Conference wu s o &busiTe of euabers of the rigb •ing 1..bat this chance vuisbed, •• ~ 11dor. (Ii( Ll4al ey hud aheye cdmhed t.ht ca11ud~y:il-ff u d t ,rf -7.ie l eft-·dog .P?f1,,~v,.'t✓f.., 11,11?µ .fk p ,1//th-1 ~ 9~1/l(A.o 4 -ro. j>A~►/6o.. 4uz.~ lea<.. er•~ ,pa:t lcal~ Ken flil~ A ~•1 •~rited -.er,r ~,•" --4 ea■,:~• atJ.l• /,,.,tJ>, ~~ S i,t/1' ._,7 , ~ ·1;; bca4e 1n-& o ;~ £ t1c: 121;;:iC4,.- ~ /v_(t,{ l.Dfr' h-1 ee•• , o tt the ,{_ elect.ion•• fro the l oss of the left ~in l ecwera during it• verioC of Gover r:unent troa 1955 ~o 1J 2. o a rie on or t.be 1949 ¥olic7 (on Yhi c t t h e o ~lu wte) wl h tbe ! 955 1 olicy on •bich the election• , ere ltOO 1buw & le ~ enini.i, uf et.d4,h a i•, for exanple, on 1.he d.a.nger s of uncon- ,,riYa\.e ·trolled entry 01/toreibD ccpi tal. In my TieY, the ~7 loRt. in 1962 at.inly bec&u$e not enough had been oone for t ho e &t ~be bottom of t he •ce.le wb.o u1·e not bel ed by technolo&, bu~ cun only ho hcl1-ed b;y intend n . l~bour proJecta 'Which haYe to be organi sed by Cover ent an f inanced by GoYerumeut.. tJy as••••ent ot the &_vlit as tt. t, it wu con1.rCU, to t.be ..-tsbea ------------ - UWI L ibr ari es • .. 119 CHAPTER the The a g onising brea k h a d come but it had b rought also a. resu r gence wh i ch the inte rnal quarrels h ad threat ene d ; a:/f»~e i urg ence t h at , x.i:ik in t h e a bs ence or t h e mess ianic young elements , rang t h e ill chang e i'r om a n a v owedly doctrinaire Soci a l is t p arty to a p r agmatic politica l compr o­ mi se ; iti: 1 ra:ll i d e o l ogies were rubb e d o f t h eir edge s and a c comoa ation of a k i nd ensur ed. Th e orthod~ffl~*a s e s that woulu we i e;ht out o f t he . na t ura l / res ourc e s uncontrolle d s yst em the privat e ownersn i p of u~1~1~1es ' or t h e NNXNXOCXRN inp ut o f f ore i gR cap ital, to name a «NN.pii::&: ~ i ·ew , :ii' eased . ]§rlx.i:x Yet , it is qu a estiona b l e wh ether t h e Party would n ot h ave won t he 1955 ele ctions wk~8ft ma n y BNP b el~eve without t he wrench ing e x perience n a x xxx x i NKx ri«w.x «~x ~ma7a a herent s / octffl~~ :dXl!IIZIXiff~~x! ~~i~~,,. X~ '.t{OCJ(¼~ ..:~ .... ~re~~~:i:m9~~Bfffhli~ r &H-Hm ~Jlrt~Jflff 'ez )00 ~ x~~~~ xIDd:::ft.Rw i n a poi ica or serace ¼~Wan ever recec i ng; xx«Mpos . u ./~'-' t he o~ds had been be t ter . The odds had i nd i cat ed t ha t even as cons titu t ed , t he PJ\P was more t h a n likely to win t he next e l ec t ions . The split had not been necessar y . Manl ey , as Arnett po i n t ed out , was t he/Bii i r e 1 s cho i ce of He was a lso t he nat i onal ma.ioritv leader. l eader. /Noboay c ou i d tiav e ous~ea n im const i ~u ~ionally . He could have c pn t ained t he y oung leftis t s and re t ained t he i r fi:xxxill.l'lN belly - fir e s fo r t he _P_a~r_t~Y:_• ___________ _, .x!iVd.e.~x k .:ima x i.:fx }qa l!tx 1u.1.:tx i::it.x:.tkN.:sJtx "The a ttack o f (these) forces comes in vari ousways (bei ng) t he combined forces of t he Press and of all the moni ed i n t eres t s of t h i s count ry ," Aanl ey once sa i d . " I t is t he mos t- rut hless , unscrupulous and mos t de t ermi ned. It is the combination 01· t hose who think they have some t hing t o lose and will f i ght t o t he th for (..i...t_)...~"t GLEAf'ER22./ti/491 ll~.'Jiu.t we. wi 11 nev er ce.ase t o pre a cb µAl.A t he need for uni t y and brotherhood and felow s hip among t he people . Wha t e l se before God can we preach? We wit h a Sociali s t cause tl1at believe t he bro t herhooc..1 of men ? We wi t h a na t ionali st cause t ha t ::, ti l l dr eams a c;lream of l'). united people, mixed in bl90~ , teachin6 the world that man is man? 11 ~ Same gleaner as a Love . P . lJ j._ll• .- i 1 . .J- -1- r . · 7F P 10 - 1,,Y11hoc--tvt.'ilhr ,-.,:,, c fi- ~1a - UWI L ibr ari es • C • • ' • • .. . ~-1L 1.~ ~7 ·-/;;,~~~)'if-­ -~ h 0/., d, poi f < ti ,-f I cf/e-1A_r /4,,, /Ji {IA,~ .£. ,,L b., f l,t_ ,( [1,r-,...h:~ -fv_ I\ tt ~J-~ ~ v{Y\ t ~y : I' )(,A , ~~u ~ ()vtb j-if ~, 1" / JCtf\J/4 t'A?e 10 _ti~ 7 t -¼ o-o .-,,, c-.~1 /i0,,t,{i c.,.i. /Jftrf ~ I ~J ,,~ /)~;/ vl--l fu 0 -/vif-.R ~u "'~ ~f'I ;,\,\1 ,-..,.orlQv v/lvJ ? 0 /1> I;! od ~ c1i-.11 V\ t~ r l1c:-~ Wv...J ""'1 j-?,~U ~ t--- Cv..1 f.JL 11,,.p.i.,. r~ J~"Kvii JR . I ( t't. ~ 1 i ~ d--- I ft; Ji' \J UWI L ibr ari es 120 As he himself' had prophetically concluded4X:XX when the petitions :for a probe 01' the Party ' s le:ftwin.; began vou.cing in, 11T1~e e;rowth of our power removes the force of external pressure that helped to bolt' all toghether. " He found and secret determinations blame for the troubles on the d ebate on the iss1..es 11 s hockinf, 11 , with "fear ~ -r;:JIG~ /t..J P . / lcr, rampant. 11 (DIA1~Y P . 7J) he l'aiu mttCh 01 the Frank Hill whom he xiiW~}[:XXR~ai:xm:eiaxas the agent prova cateur although he had little respect for his HXH (I ill ' s) competence as a leader. Richard Hart he f'ound difficult to f'at!Jom l.Jutf xx understood his ideological inte~rity. T~Rx~XD1'i!J! The investi~ations ended ~ixbl the expulsion or the Hills , Hart and other promlnent leftists anc sit.,nalle_c. t~~:k , many think, i'rom •iu, mo t l~er lode socia~is111 ;, ~ '4-'} Atl~1 -/Iv._~ a......"7 _ ,, ,i ~ N µy;~l ~I(, If;_, ~It. 1-lk., ,11,.;1./i ~;M>.J ~ (,I"~ f r>-v-k,~ _ V, f /,~ p-.,d ~ - 1,,i., l.. 1/-.,f,t. 11.µf ~ -1~ f71- ~ ~ don~'I-L C HA P T E H (P.J5 in ~lanl Qy & New Jamaica) _ ___________ _ 1- L.... c;.,,,.,, /1; ,f.,1;./. t4nt ,c,.;, ~ Manley and Bus tamante' (1951 ) Uc was 13rooced:i:tfg:i:n ~ job of Opposi t ion w:t.th in t he 7 I Ious e ,, If Hill&~fi~~if~i~liHt iHif M:t>i.~ as.iM:&axx±m:isixB~p1ul:i~ ~ e / tl'is style in deb a t~ ~ ~ =:;:;:, i.:~h 2d/ $lrn +e--wr "ftA .f'c-r--~ .r., j)i,,.'' ~~ s~ce of~~ 'l~Iii.fP¥ i1t~ e F who dealt « out blo ~ ' with the ~ of born brawler . l.e had to the House t h ~ explosive quali tY, contained by good sense., • • li.tic_s i efi!uire, The face to face Ydealin~s of t he two ~ian'ts ,_Ares ra1ne ythe ~~iii¥~~ Ra«RNxw±±kxi.NKXNXNKxx~xax i ~xg«msnxxxx»xaN.ai» xxH:&liXXm2lNiKx P of tne Chamber to whichaaaaaas twit cou1 d responsibility/i Nax only the mos t maroied / xaK 1a1I t o respond, xa~ gave elexted rule ~~3~~K~X~3 Jamaica the best / ~~•~mlfflWK~ that t he constitutiona l l ameness allowed . The re was nothing alike about them except the imperious:NJO(K bone each had acquired from a mutuXax al forbear# xxxxxx-xxxxx * -1d"'t-pie antagonism ~ Nw~xma~xnxxwxa«DtNXxw«xg~w:mx a x~uw~xx X~ x~ Ba~x Glgocxx• ~ *A fact frequently referred t o by Bu s tamante but ~i»UIDlBX~x x ~* F,JH?2--,#W 1 ~~~~-~JJ!P,'_'ffi }?X2 W1 €k a-. ~ f L ~ ~ r>f 11...,.,,,, > , s ~c,,J t 'f fthe-~w~as sick as it had ever been. A MaJority Party member (Mrs Rose Leon) aarel found it necessary to ask the House for a debate on " respectable and capable coloured persons " bein~ refused employment and barred from hotels and night clubs . (HANS 2 d .J , 50)But ,Vt nlWo I l &4:&► l;,J w::er,u1x.lf.x xk:u r.e UWI L ibr ari es . _-r ·n,. (O'(ll.JA /1"- V f. / ~;i,tYI J..1 1) 1 /1 ry ~l 11 , 1t l ( >:- .., r t -fk, Ii 1 2 1 6 •• ' V Rf ~-..,J ' r-.,..,.. ,,d._ ~ •i'fW Iv?'? //>,,,/'y/,,r(.,I -:U-,fa_?,J, • • • these t wo men ..... ~ ..ILcdt..J 71..C'--,.., -h ., ... u,~ 01,Y,,f it was a fa c t that/xhR~/straddl ed our politics. A quality in our ruins had bred t hem. (N~'W T'f FE OFI<' THE NW WORD~'STIGATI-'NG SIMMONDS FOR ~ 'l'O _DCHilI'I'H9U4' !JEBA'f~. f1Y HA MSA-Rl:h·* 1220 P . 254) Hr Manley by the nature of5 fl~~,p~fitics saw/ili:t x.a:i111:i.i:£ll.Nx that the / found onlv throueh solutions in the final analysis could be ~~NX~~1X~~X~K1~X5~ xa~imxam:«x si~nificant and ur~ent constitutional chan~es . {I0 fhe very outset , at the launchint! of the Party in 19Jd + ze ;t;l'lat ~ (, · i 1 _; coneit ions in / the Wes t Indies, British Honduras and British Gu iana (Guyana) af'ter t the 1938 upheavals in the t Erritories. ) fconstitutionJf.XN.N.X.%.?'I..Hxx~:~ x N of' 19J9 and 1941, neither of' which had advocated {'i-y beyond representative e; overnment . The 1944 creation a gain by Lord t--1oyne r (-.J made more prornisin~ signal:Xs l>ut still had the English t!;OVernor ' s hand on the helm with its 'J " five - by-five " monstrosity; i.e. , five elected and five nominated members B~:.t~ Xl'I:~ under the leadership 01' the t:,overnor in the Exe c utive Council . • ~1anley ' s entry into the House at last p1. a::giuJlxk:im '<1\ gave him a stance i'rom which he couih.d knuckle :s:s111Jt heads . lie proceeded .%» I BNixttx±as.xx«x±xx:i xnx mivc:sm with enthusiasm . He-tee~ -te-¼t-w~ta -a±aeF~ty . X~X WXlUl lllmKX~»s B X ~ He was not , as sometimes thought, wholly satisfied with the way his ../ P-r eat crusade for 1.ull t :rr.::ua.ms:xx s-x~x1t.bi.a:xtt:e.N suffra~e ill.at had worked out . How could he? I1e , one e , t t:nd his Party , twice ' had be er Z'N:Jm.«:i¥/ii~i l:t~~hf;~S¥-fi.g JLP _in two genrra l ✓- _J-b--~e l e ct ions . ' 1 14 o?L... , c .. ) f-t ill'I'> )ft».trl vriJL -1/,;_ v'1Gc.vt9(/ J'~M~ uf j/.;f r: " In spie e of w.aa~ all that may have happened in the last f'ive years , A,µ.Jr<, {.'(l.ufJ which some people <.10 not like, a ~ood deal or which I do not like , the fact • / / :s we have come out at thh end 01' it with the greater part of' opinion in a;> ✓ ,X.~vour of sell' g overnment , " he once stated. (Hansard 1950 P . 255 . ) " In r rv\ ~~ r. f Qiv\1liatters of tlhis sort , it is no use being cautious. 1'.o country develop in~ ~ into nationhoodcan avoid taking risks . " ~\~ ; ileci~iasb~s ttrnt a ~~ethem then was to plug i'or full ministerial responsi.- b • 1 • t d ·t h' • t ' t th /S~utlduessf th RO l i*ical ii y -- - espi e is serious reserva ions as o e a~xxxx~ o e7t1muer tl ,1 v f' 1 . ;f'rankl v , "a .verv inevfit lot. " ( DTA RY P o 1 \f' 11 across 1e 1 oorA rom 11m ; ne once confessed t o aving ~I~~ peae, u y through an afternoon session waking app arent ly only during a speech by (a then opponent) Mrs Rose Leon whom · he thought would make "a 0 00d, caustiv debater for them. It ( DIAHY 74). N.5X1'~NK~X~lUf:i.~~ aKk:5X~.&.N~lu;:w~x His relentless pursuit of the il!tRa:l: self' governing idea uinr.:x:x:x: kept it alive and activ~ e f in the House deuates and in 195J, an "advanced constitution " reposin~ responsibility :i ror decisions upon the .e~c,ted lie was nearly sixtv years old t:l-L • ministers was .i.«:x:~k.«oi:x. g rantecJ . /rt was o n e or t ne wa'tershed f6 in/ JU! life ~ . . /political dedication tha t had never ceased x~x :s.x:x:x ~~:i:R its daily jileXXX.X:il 'to His country since t he day .!:ha. 19Jts when he kn strode into the Supreme eourtroom to ef'1'ect the ! WJ-eg-~.p £1' Bu:st.aman~e . I e had/ kiif i i:~:ui his private life and means at v Ce Oi his i artv .:inrl ..,.,,_ ..... , ~ UWI L ibr ari es . ,, .. • • 122 to si t in the House a while speakers , led by t he House Majority Leader , Bustamant e as Sir Harold Allan, KZ£¥ ci t e t he Great Dissenter, !i il!iHH£iisiHmHO~XIOOQ: tl1e author of self- rule. NaH~ey-Feaeted-aeeeF~iag ~y Manley was furious. "The x.eateie:P Honourable Leader of t he House (Sir liarold Allan) (has~a The P:KP won the election in ~ a~ cam1,1ai0 ~ ou1..,lt wi.±N. on - ,, _, , · m of' two fronts : opposing the powerful JJ,r . achi11e wi t ,1pnlr~q./1Uililie~~ hr-ol(iM. ,,ff patrona ..,e ~wee Jing throu£-,H every constituency , ~11.ri hllJ.e -a1oe~tft."'ff!~ 1 armer XXX~N~X¥XSXENKtNXROCX~a1XNNa~e ~XKK1N~XN !fE PNP members who startPd ~ as stron, challengers in the city. lt fougl1t WOM .fraf~me1Jt::; o'f on a theme of self' goverr..ment now , rippinu away at ill t'he; laissez f'aire still clin ine- to ;.i ,I ~lacef- --- s 1ch as the/ild!~i~d£y tl.e Gover11or "wl,o, 11 ueclaret r, anley, "a._ sure< this ' ouse with an epigram more attractive than intelligent that self overnment was not a state, but a proce8s, not a de~tination but a road. " UWI L ibr ari es .... 12J • esolutely, . ar le, . ~ ~ s a way of' l.il e ~ ~~had alwa_,,c a solutely di,:,aVQ <>' t .. at tJ er llaP K& ary sel,tion 14\ -(c; ... tf.,r, .. 'I . of ~overnment which Jamaicans wer" ~ ~? paulc o t2 i --.v-, . 1 E. re._,arc ed I"' p ,t.,; p( / Cr;. 6( any reserv,.. 0 .. nr he lr y t " "'11 ,lis1- vernor as a1. a front t ~ C • - stjtut-ic 1 ,~ v i ~ sl XR111.jp·a£:.t::ex :t~ '"Ir UN' tlat all residual a thority , l .. evv; w J 7... • ~~ e,f-✓P( shoul ~ .Q::l ' ~ 0thP i .,.;J, -P.t- 1 -' , arliamer.t. That was one si e of the campai • 1...viu. u t C' ~ .:t?UiX XN.lS.N.l.'l.+X t l TI tl 1scancaJ,-ridden Labour , .s.:x.ar~a...i...'illil.SX¥X.SCUtXJ: Party's tern in which t._, minent 1 had ~RkJUl founded a 1arty,x»« tu1m.bdRwx±x nurtured it and sha~ed it and protected it in ~rowth from some of the savagest foes ever motivated by financial ereed a n d social power. le had seen it almost torn apart by iru1er stri.fe and had held it toge ther by ~ force of wil l and int ellie,ence. He s. self-government had c;:ome out 1'o:r7xxi::i'JiXl'li:ft. and e·iyen not an inch to the l.)re~s\lres of a Colonia~ :yna ~ hesia so ancient to be sacreU in th eyes o r i t s apol ogists . ( I t was ~ JOU,.: ear inr.JHf rnilt:n 1'*XS::XN.B.Jl ~ki.x ER«ih;;i.nx'1nix1lx-Y>.s inc e the / English rule.) ( d (lru,-.tf ~ 11-J •~r_~'i .. w,.,.Pr,t~ . -/...t-t{ ';::, ,'I ~ ~µ, . ~ rests . AIJe-­ Issa';7tJ t::H a political 1oe of' tHe I l in particul -r bein, a 1 eader 01' the ?HG ~XjOCKllt JI£ ~tf , amaica e 10 - cra tic Party badly l>a t tJ C'ren at t he ~11s and soc 1 to be per ancntly aba1. or ed . ------- ettled with tl c ITl . •r anle, in a neetin uryrisiini~Xteiall the . ~'-~ cl ty council ' s ~nads ii! ''or)-.s S ecial CommitteA v•• 011 of" 7J: /J ­ .,s-, o ' J l't ~ i,p/i., . ai t ruQc news o... the t;Cttlenent rec: c 1ed him through a ~opy ol t1rn/ \FZ11119 ~xpreHs . 1 e reached across and ta1pc . 11 1 nr P. s e t c:.. t 1- e.. l.. , a. SOi' a r 12 at: r:dl tlte Co . .:.. ttc . • ill C.J ld not Lelieve • is eyes when he saw. tl e aper. ~ . ill sent ot t orL, f"or a workers ' _cetin.., at t~i. V I c..lOCn t, ct ,duht . ~ ews or the impP.nrling strike lc ... l ... 0.u • / ~i Uit 1· "' 1 K • 1 overnor uei;ins or au ey. in'-' s to J i11,_. ' s . oue e un< ouse was 11aturc1lly perturl.,c1 f'or o.,r:.ltywas condn.., to stay: Princess Alice , Chan­ e el low o.f the new University Coll eee of" the fest Ind1.cs would c l<'l.1c ill._, 'ly naval bai·ge at the , yrtle BarL .,icr. '!'he ~ rovernor indicated th?t 'e 1 c-w t ~ a c.fcisio11 l::tt(•i. .j._1. tt.e cvenin:w . tl wbet:1c.r to strike woul be taken ~ Jtft5~ , _., .r c was t;:V.l. en· y very well inf or cct rrom t tw insioc o .. tue union plan. e a::ske UWI L ibr ari es / l.1; { J.1'),,,__(J... t1.,;Yl'll;"''"' !'fJ ' ~~1ol nfP~/1tc~r ,1,1 ,,,,, ~v..t (.. ... ~ v-' 1 ·:Wf · f) I• T\ ~ i/i i_..K' ~,,;-e I t,t.. ~-~t •• ~\ c.,, .z,tt i,l'l~ "'-vl:.i.._ ~ ~ ~ } r :-lb fla-,-,z. 1°'c vi"'.).,L to ('1~ r 11 it was , it t MxitfQ~JlN:il :Sii roice ,XN.X.N.i:.s:x lt was c own.hill after that except that the little matter of a typewriter breakdown almost blew· it. r-1anley waited until 10 . JU 1'or th(> letter witL the Issa settlement ol'fE uut wkH.NXkBx:sa.N e rew nervous at the delay and ask.eel tl.e ~overnor .£N 1'or an JO- r1inut e extension of the deadl ine . However , 1 ugginti :~~~t;~~::~<1 ~o af:~el~!: ~;c;~=;~it\il:0 t:iii ~ anuil every-vody :s.atxrx xa.:tx ti~M:ir at TUC hq sat tight with :.tx:exxxaxxR.o.t:+xld.ei i:tt l :e..atx~1nzx 't21c.'v Alexander, a/s~arr~d , dedicatec Jew always splendid in crises, • NxNgxxNmx:i:RJ oird-c Og{Jine; the tension levels on .... arbour Street and reporting to Manley . Tl1e tiettlemrnt letter~ arrived Ly a police " black maria " an c i11ner rrom }(in~:. S l•o u se ~ Wxx ».RXN:XK.t _ _ /J>a n /~ o/ . 1 _tL , k :xm:s.1d::xx aat!!tx:&X;'S.:&NX.1LI1.~X XNXKRXX e 3 6L1C e v en ·, .,., ,; U v ~ i )~. was h ard l y lik ly t o lfLLi cken :fd, fe e l ings i n t he l>r e as t s M: n o soon er t han ot· t he i ta Jori t y P arty . xnx.:t.NHxM:l'n~.3~X S o / i:DffllNN:i'..X:t.Nx ~ Not ices o i Mo t i ons we r e / ±ili~fi~a:ii ±k:ex x:&1xmnoo:x1tlll!lfN.XXNi'.xthe f'i r s t b¥S ine s s o i' t h e J 1ouse , s ess ion/i:N.:tt:xxwx :kx~Nll1~~*X~~ l,loomf'ielu was on b i s f ee t with own notice o f cen s ure . . 1 li.is/JO!HKtOf eOGlOHCO~ .i'XXK1t: A f ew minut e s later~ in / q uickly ; new ;ig :(J_uenc e a n ea.;ern e ss tu <1 i scfia r ge a n y ~~ -cn a t: t he P a rty may h ave < . , . -;P.:r-~ s t L.E?" i OU5 n ego t iat i ons J ained f ron t h e f our or f i ve d ays o f ~~~ ' . / seconued by 1 us t amant e . . , Bloomi ielt was uounc ine- up once a g a i n demanu i n g a sLtsp ension of t he House b u s ines s to instan t ly activa t e h i s mo t ion. UWI L ibr ari es l Her her .. TJir: . .>A Y OF THE BR0011 ( 2) CHAPTWl ONE J/ ,J7v:> d fk. tlhv a ao -. t,... A ~ -;¼,and r e aught.Br J-<.<1 cl~el/l 1a-e e .Li:m ..,~ l ked tEg:,Q?rrh., tJ. C l)-. .Jrumblair in t h e early hours oi'/~!alrnsdayarl16rning January lJth 19 55. Plli/iltf_ wi,&h f t,11. ~ -, eyes "'-blurred/%'.xlim sleep) -,Qhe had been cat_ napping :!:'or the return of beloved Ra:xGht~x "Pardee " ,, i . g : , 7®1 :rr . "Pardee ," Rachel said, taking his hand , 4'R Jie smiled and touched her head. - "its all over C "No , »cz:u.e.x~ i t ,i just gently. -~ He kli had bec;un it _l!{i:.tk/xa the hour le ore with a i:;tatement 1-iisac;: s TT,..4- ,-11thi,to .JtJ(t., ti.tu i ..,_J inst~nJ:l,i to the t~ GleanerJ x.:t.xwa:s. a~ ara1;ion die that x n.xi:a~1~-fi'.:r. XlXllllElllii:axRi:-¥ . . he was not' , a.leader o.f the PNP~ ~ r th the bitterest 01Jened. lu .. s options ; :rug:txiaiii:µ a:s.x a a:.xlt.XXXNX XJUl§.1.RX x&m:t. , , 5UX:t.5X X 1 1 X :t:li.& 1olitical his career ju.s.t ~nded , but a leader to all the people, ~UJW'f.t~¥~ , -£t...tf :twi._ -1(.ou r- LJJ,,, now II he said 11stri1 e ~ - J " I stand~KlSW , !S'.¥ld;:2§~Wi!i '\ .> ra cour o membrance of hurt in the > pas * nd offer to one alefJ all to ~o forward from here for a better Jamaica. I promise honest government and fair play .for all . I approach the task . (of government) with a call for unity and a prayer to God to bless our ~eople , our country and our cause . 11 At that very outset also, he announced categorically that the PNP was 11 a moderate socialist party not committed to any ri~id set o:f do~mas but free to ex~lore JUIN new solutions and to a ccept normal methods where It was a Dosition he had taken these are best and promise most for us. " N:e.x xx«xXBXXJt:il.Ratx :fx:amx x fi:e much earlier, back in 1940 , when he had observed/!Rat 1 tg8tra11r~ms~i~ }'i'.gfdi ri~id do~a -{NE'fTLEFORD P . 62)- " embodied in any finally revealed bibli- cal text 11 but a principle or social organisation shaped in the end to suit t he a:mux~ circumstance. AN~x:r:e~.RaiKNX ,,,,_,_;,,w_ I lie was a t the peak o1' his 1 powers' at 59 years ol-,i; d ' /f,t,.. The thinkin~. of yout h ~ · • ~and a glint of Lenin in the eye . /x~axx~x x&xxtiN~ t he dav made m!IIP,\!l-·y b,,-..f-.,; race relatj,,ons. :r t much in )Oli ti.cs did . . acxx:Ui:&X.i.X:l'l:2x k - the slightest ret'erenc e to/ z:0~ 0 z • 1r:,,u1:!ut.•iill lUUUU!Jtxx AN~w notables iu t ~ l ocal~cha )ter of ±kRxRMx• ~ Marcus Garvey's UJ\'IA x :ncx~xa!U'Cx ~~xx x ~R X&HA~x x& x :R&nmx x~~x~x:x»xE»~x~ x«x (Universal Ne~ro Improvement Association); such as st William Grant) ~ had thrown in with the µolitical talk around IJut :fonntl little in the game to warrant a real stake. It was the p eriod of the black civil servant ~oine- on "home leave " to England . Clerks and clerics, artists and artisans , this was the stuf'f of the P}.'P. nut ~oing to the polls f'or the JLP was the army of' urban labourers , lon~shoremen, su~ar estate workers whose enfranchisement had b~en won ironically enough by Manley. It had taken i'tJy /,,(,.,_,I,, --1 /J. r . , -./ v).A/' ,!} ten years f'or them to turn to the left and see him ~ 1/i: -.J.M.4¼1' ,, , • fr, /I The turn of the mass vote had come about of several causes, least o:f which was not the sobering intransi~ence of the Jamaican "small man " who enjoys IH:f H i xlli~illfa:x i t .½i: ¼~i«J~i~i:ft chopper at the heels of/Ri~h stepping nei~hbour. Issues , while not unknown in Jamaican elections , have a rarity. d~emocrat i c election~ . . 1or , rouses1Na:x an emo t ional N~xxxx~axx~~m~~:u.x~ in the Americas, north south a:l!lN middie, NM1txx xixx x xm enthusiasm o:f Qowe rful n r o ortions. Our 16 tribal ri tualsb::i include fu Tt...P 5»mRxxm1txx xaxa~1tXRilJmsaxa m %AR ur i esque ,am« aoy- Kissing ana North America the revolutions of the Latin as sass ina t ions of XmKxxxa.» X:&Kxbi::t.1tllixS:n.:t«xx .cs:a.mp1.:a:t~•s. Sou tl~ and stre~t-corner the :s.ix1t.e.ix :&&XR.:&X hymn- singin~/conclaves of the 1ia:t1rl»§4i.iil.~s.x c ~ribbean. nut the sin~le, nniversal issu e that has never X i'ailed to in:fluence W~~:t .IMM~ ~ever the freedom of?~k~i~iti3~&i½iia~~} ~s! is the/~:~:!iii Ji~iklx tRe-- firesicJe-economy..1.. or Xk R . . . . . on µolling ~ DlllilHi f tilix cookin~-pot politics, call it what you will . Xk R ay , /!€~el of/g~itcern is called into account . NXX?:«tiixgx llia:J::X:. I:f the public works have been candid ly in the interests of the voting mass, the chances of A politician ' s oublic works is what politics is about. bein~ elected , rise./f(!,wxxxx NNXKsx xxxx &axx xN~i.iu:x~mx:t.:ti«xx xxxaEmnxx Ulric Simmon~ , thEl'°Gleaner's Political Reporter, commentin~ on why the JLP I\ lost the 1955 elections, said (Gleaner lJ.1.55) : "Too few members of the JLP paid any attention to their constituency while they were in office. " He points out too that :!la.:tzKOC«XXOCKenz " the PNP had to wait until the events of' 19Jo had l..leen dimmed in the minds of the ele ctorat (• b cfor <' they could ~ 0 t their programme~ o p enetrate the almost hypnotic spell which Mr Hustamant e 1 s exploits had woven into the mind s ofthe people. " 1G(Ji~~ Hr ianl r y ' s combined ai:ix:rl~ happily w:i,th his own honest instincts: reading 01· the economy~/, a:N.« k.ix:x.kNllil2.5:tx xn:s:1.i:11u[±X;,t«:NmluiN«Nx:f» x::.tRi:.t.«mxi:J:X . and preference for agriculture, the livelihood of the mass ot' vo t ers. "Land is the only 4 ource of' the material life of a people, " he had , Ji -/,f.'!J said a dozen years before. ( l'rettleford P7JA "It provides food and shelter. UWI L ibr ari es ":'1J SPUS ATTUCl S J I t furnishes work and wealth . Town shdluld supp or·t country , and country , town. __ ..,.); \,, ... -4-t-'-!-1.i,,,t·: But poverty in t own supports nothi ng . It bleeds t o death . " ;(so, 'within. t he week after tl1e elec t ion~, he was announcin~ that , " We start with/ 0 tVv-v rv ,...r---.r.r .1"'•"' -v The island ' s hard times were perennial. Thousands of' women domestics still sl_.~yecl :tor f'ive shillings (• 50¢') a week in the city , less in the ) ( aN., W'J),.l a -tJ,,;..(,-1; ~1:. fv" $tA: ii ~ qa~-t. J-IA ~ ~ Joh ... 'f "'P41A,. t o{:..f..t#'-- fN-w.tl,..,,,,,r1,.;1. ~ ­ country. " A labourer ' s day on the f'arm from f'irst light to dusk brought him 40 cents . These were the l'ortunate ones . Figures, such as they were in the creakin~ British outposts where t he keeping of economic statistics . d . di t d tl tone in ~ive were~workless . Tl 1 t· were c.. iscourage , in ca e 1.a .elKl'~&xx 1.N.KX X!MXKX.A.:&X XE. 1e so u 1011 , . . 1work aonortuuities Manley thought, was to multiply and increase a.xx a:x xasxx xx.XE ~ at a rast rate. l'e would start with a g riculture but there woulc be hard eco- nomic planninE; as they went along . He needed people. People with t h e know- d / ~some k i nd of socialist ledge of planning an 1.dt « xxa:xx11ni dedication. L e kne w just t h e man . tl . in ~?-1 T'f {cf~_) He was not worried a b out:Xhis / rJ..~g "1Mi\P ~ in the l'ouse. "A majority o f four is a wo rking majority, " h e said after t h e ele ction. His Party had it s doub t s , true, f'or t h er e were a x:f~ xuervous sur.;gestions to o:tfer the Speake r ' s chair t o quiet, resfJec te d country lawyer In t h e r out;__g __ reali ties o f p art isanp oli ti c s, t Le t h ought Doug las}(, a Trelawny J LP man. / XXXK~X:KrO(X7 was a s :fleetin~ a s it ___ ~ __ Qa l m~ t h eir f' ears, he set a b ou t with s _µ e ed d was f ootling x / i:» . KIHiX:iUili~. ~rm~KXUX~li~'<.~XX]QGCT an , 1 a udacity t o :Jut liis t e a m toge t he r. I , ·;t <{ 11-11 ,-t..._ ·•,v~{I ,{ t' .... ' h f": !,f~v•.~h.,~\ .~ "'1.~,.. , .I: , (_t, li\b ,•,~:-1 , .:,h ~ -f-- ' Ll-',. ,:,.L1,1 .... J , U-.t. '-"r"''-4' · /",-C In r pbruaryl'.) c:o '--:-- K_,, 6 vJ .\.V l .-. i--1 ,n ,"r•~ - YB.ax.sx agm n e had me t f le e ting l y with--....-~ - - -----_, ·A, bllry , t} ie econo - mic advi ser a Hd p l anner t o t he Sask.at chewan ( Ca n a da) ~overrur-ientx. ,_.,.,,-. _ _.., 11.an.d coinraent on Cad,0ury ' s and L?l 0.t.'l.ae121tadx h.:i..g / ":f i 11e c l ear min e. " a 11d t ha t he was "a good Soc i a lis t X"l: X.WX~ wished "we Wilt. had a couple of' t ha t "al i b r e here ." ( DIARY Ptib . ) Xll§W C::\ul>ury was wor ked out oi' t he 1 nitea : atio11s . '"anley '"l< E"J t in t ouc' 21 , o ,._ided t o t a l k witlL l im about comine- t o Jama i ca . * i v~il.A. -- fh, w..i1.k.. ~ .../2..t,,iF( * 1anleyX?GHi tad always a ~pecia l a:fi'ini ty ~ or .H 1e il.!a --- no t .:>r i t s litt er but for i t s knack of' 1rns t le . lie held a t;reat admiration for tl e ~:nerlcan blacks , th€' sl ill au de:t('r ir a t ion with wl ich even t en t ey / .t,r 1tn l lv qnisldnl . • · t La< be WL tl e ~.J:N:iai:x xN ix ' task ol teacl ing t heir white coun ryn<'n in the 11mod0rn saL.;a of the : euro race ." t he eaning of t: e '"{f> )Ubl i.c-,7. l'c>, ir a t i1'10 when the A nericar black Ni.d eld small +be :1::ili xh:.ucex!lumx ere< ib i l i ty a or / "En...,1 • sh1 Xaii'C[a:K?!H'Xalf by the Unit . ·•r 1 anley had set his e) e on the 1'lauic1.unber o1 150,000 :ir,rw:i.,~ s ew Jobs in j. f'i ve year::; aw I :,,,;ra.:s.x a .u. t e.. t ~- ~ .,c: i • r ~ .S- lillio1. ( 110-m. ) '.XXNXX~ PUT IK At-T APPBrJIX G-1 ~Ai' :l{ 1 9. 1. 5.$ ..1..Tb ~ I f +o ,enera te tl.e J0US. :XXKX~ ;-orn;~¥x:ntrn.m~;uuc;axn:n~- \ ~ ( • . .Jr-'-1. .::,1. __ JLJ I ~ vl' r J \..-,.} .1.·1..,-.L:, . ., ., • • _._ s \-l.._ r; ~(IC IlOCXM.lOCX ~DHC{fiXX:-<:NllXKX~'ICDU~ he determined to set u1J.kixx1!u11N NN1xu11.x o.f !:>killed and clever lnu ans into wldcl1 would lie rectthe cata and t o wbich ~e coulc. look f'or answers. An essential i11uredient or the , ',•.-_,,,,.,,,,. f:.. ~ •ll {0-1v?- ) woulrl t,e a profound belier iu L5>verrU'lent plannin5+• Its lE}ader 111ust ue , '"" ii • , •. _.,..,._,,. . ~., ' '- .... ,~ .:. / a sort 01· suµer Socialist wi tL internatio1.al experience 1 pn , ~ an<.. ind11stry . '.llli.XK)QGQOOfKYX~ ,M-l'J._ .... 1,e £-'rlf:s:~ over- riding iut eres t of' this . ,_.., ,_, ·t, :·""; 1"4, .. "f°,r, .. .... .. , r'l -, l ["", ~ t would be, ~ ~ abric il ture. "'-le start with at,ricul ture ," he state<.. emphaticall~. C e,J7"1,t:utfvi~-· I~ Fi /k:,; . --r>l et.J. At the SU e ti aa~ reiteratln~ 1 i ca_._ ital woul b ausolut l.; . rotecte I • s St t .. ... t e ti at ,ew xx X. Z<.,...X 1._"l(X ff~ .J.U~ ~ xx ::x.x.x .~ .... xx«xax:rGl•:&l; 1'lte i.c.p c; or mone _ "W!~XOC>!}GC{~NX;X"l!'UOHi1DO{M: .. n. ttKM~xc:a..;crnn Ki>r woul i'lo,v frori ti ree ces, .,overnn,e .-c, ~ .1 iva te ,c., a cou,bi- nation 01 botl • GoverrunPnt 1oney woul c...1. .t. .... ~x come i'ro ... local au a1 clas_ out oi lo.te PV 1 nt ~:i_-(}y.__t I he ha r· , oi cour::se, ta.xe8, but rot at rat es tl at wo .J.( -~tax l / t!,,l.P.~ tax1 . . WOU ~&~~& ~o l(l~S w i~ woulG .tiu - G--.:~~,-::::=:.:=:J;;J.--,;,~ -;:..• ..!-•~·:::;;::::i;c:!_-1 ,:::-'J_" _:+-~'(L!~ ' .!:"-:.-:::..:.. _ _ _ ....,_,,..c,.._.....,o,,..,,.s---:'t:-i-" ~:--::-:::-~1,:-. ~-=- ~ .t.__._ c. t XE ,- i , I I H c,c L.1 t, r C r E H In ~ rU. wd ~ /.M.1(,1\ - six whirlwin, in ew York , _,- .. t J ;,au _ ~ ·c,1 JOµti olc. "black" ''f- at t 1e/r::..i:~ ote.1. There::-;a in } arlc tner ti.an ls a~?,Jms.k the elaborately ex1->en::;ive c ow1,towr. watcrin ._)laces that his prec..ccessors (and sure.I:! e 1 ) ,;; •~L.-L) <..., '-', "' il«"Vv-,,r,..- ,--v -...-~ ,n,rv:,.r.cv X o 1e c 1n1ca .,.. !XlX.N.XsXxaxxmn .. ~cm1111s ra 1011 ~>-AAAA.lll.A,\J'\.l!~'"..u,..~~ ~OC){t the Ea::st Uver . The 1J. N . people reluctantly ai,,i: eed/igale~~Wrt,e Cadbury, the six-foot - f'i ve scion 01' the chocolate Cad LJurys , a Qt taker aNN. whose formi alle ere eutials included service ~ • 1· t .._ '" .., ..J d S. t ff' d C • • tl • t • l / ocia i::s t NBNX..es~i.:.cXS.RX:XEu. 1111 er 1r S a or ~r ipps in 1e Br1 1s 1 2uuui1.x ,overrnnen . But lest a1.,10ne should think that llis steps were bein~ ,uiJ ... ~ . ..,y doctrine , J,,anley brusquely told an interviewer on New York ' s WRUL xa«i:N station: "Never mind about Socialism. Ti.at is a theoretical i< ea ... ract ica l I n- t be p r epa..;:,ation of t his book , <.levelop 11e.1t is what w.e l<'ant. " f' 1 1 ave been ;,lCO_tllc-.?-va_.:o.,.v;l;)t.,i.HF,-w;i,t;.}.+.-t;.J..e;i,:p-.r-eet a ww peop e l i ±t-wa~-~~P¼e~¼~-M~-~~~e-~e~ ~~~Ji~~ gp,e,.,.)111' 1 Lb:::.;L...,_ 0 « ··r'!n1 tLe 1uestio~1 tl~at , had the \ islanu Lieen int.eµendent , woul I anley 11ave pulled up his drawt>rid~e and tried i'or x111xworking out his sociali::st f'ortunes at l1orne. His finance ' minister " Cral..i " tethersole , at len..,th thoroughly disgusted with seekine -A~ loans anc. t,rants l "", the developed nations , broke down subsequ~ntly ( GU~ANEH JULY lJ) and declared : " I do not believe we should go bel,uinu .forever ... the potential resoucrces o:f theisland are suf'ficiently t,reat that we need no t lose our self' respect . Otherwise why talk of natioll.llood at all? " But Manley I s "practical developemnt 11 had to f'ace the f'act that µeople had Geen voti11~ wit1, tl eir fee t a~ainst t he country's persistent poverty t'or decades . Migratory waves had swept tl1e island before , to . 1at crest Cuba , Panama , Costa H1ca , the S t ates . Nearly RXRS:XXN~ 110w was the l ong , m.i::sj;.Nxl!l::i::Nx.._d1!::iQ J.i e tinu one to Ur i tain. I~ had IJ..e~un1 and would LO ton :for ~!!.i1U 1 ~xRax x&NEXA~~xxxa x « 1 years. ~ut t 11e T~x new uiac~ wave was ni ting breaking i'orth uncharacteristic yowls rrom t he :sli r i t a i11 .w:i:j;.l'lx.acx¥:NXi: hard , « a::i:i i:11q~x:1'NX:.klrs..x x NxHN:Rx:i::.t:is:k.x¥»W:i:xXx«mx :t..k:e.x :N11CX:i:R s tiff upper lips of' t he natives Na:x:ix .eui: a ne, raisinu q,tes tions in t heir tribal council s in Wes tmin:j.ster . t, /J/11y A1 J!;j c ir/ vv{t,,,1 , As ~ have seen it , this was ~ xicl! ly no time ~ t .ke bo ok. 1aken hi peop e ou Pe had lf>X xa.:i:i;:x:ltllmx .:t}u. xxm:t:e:x~KaKlntx t:l'U§lIDC:{jtt:.k or the i r xi:tk by 1s ma~n1 icient , relentless/~:I.x:i:w for t he vote_.. He was oo intelli~ent to welcome polarity. He had he l d that one/btlli~n~8cialism ~ is not necessarily Xanother ' s ~aid nob9dy 1 s BmmiN.iil:ins.e was f'or export . }[e <7iJ · -✓ fo r the tr1ufie ~.he-ltrim1r~ ±rtt-ee 'l'hA I cl v '/1","(, ~!~fi..~ t wi t h the same skille d tenaci ty/4'll3~ =J::t;i; s =!id9a of'/ i :tx :uadilx.U~i!l Nlll _.,, :wa:s: as, ___ --- » m:t»x&:fx».s..xwar.s: L>est 1 or Jamaica I s :f«:tw.~:Hx c -=--1 deve lopment . That was i t _j and he to,ok his- ma)ori ty of' four in to the House to govern with every Jf)rlf , V'/rN1 ~ "'"'a ounce ofj, capability . • And in the Ho •·e , that Wednesday February 2 , a minute to noon , they elected him Chief Minister on the official request of Governor Hu ~h :F'oo t • Uis long time friend and political colleage , Noel Nethersole , spoke for him: " I need not , and indeed i t woul ,, be an i mpertinence for me to beein either to assess m~ or to describe the various qualities which so eminently fit the h onourable membe r for the position t o which he is about to be appointed . Lis qualities , his record , his reputation , his unbo~ded enerLy, his ~eal and his remarkable capacity for hara work xa:i: a l l combine to UWI L ibr ari es 6 mmake him pre- eminently a person who i n this IInuse whould occupy the pos i tion of Chief Minister. " ~i xd n~3¥e at the majority end of' the horseshoe chamber to make his acceptance speech~ and Sneaker H B Coke/fili~~~ti his bewig.ged head In. /la.,, f/01 ;,. f / at the gallery as a few tentative cheers were given. ~ ny sign of life from . PeA-n-k ~ ~t2.t The ,lf;f gallery ~ is thoroughly frowned upon.) It . . was i n this first session that Mr Manley made his unfor~ettaule HANSARD~ DO.':XMOCMllt)Q(~Wll!* ~RiiUi~~~Mli!IUi:¥~ XA~*~*~-~*~•IHBM~ M&Bll~HKB~ pABS~5H~BMX~H** ""2 • J • )) 1 and much quoted remark , .t.10lx x 11n1:is:e~x l!li'.x wki:.g1'tx1ust:is:i:1n1~i:¥X1Uie:ms.x ::.tmxk :e:x ~a~xgxgawx w5~~5~x~~wxX~lla~x kg~x~5JU!5~ ~~~x a~xm~x~k~xk~~~~5~x ~•H~lOIX~A~¥X~~xxx r1m.kxwi:ci!ii:,¥xk1unulx the place and time which curiously seems not waNX~5HhB* BXM~5~* 5 ~X»Ji.Bii.liBB~&JUi5MB ~ M~5§~* BBMllB~~*~H~5XBBlilllqiXNaBX BBH~ BMBHH~ widely known. H~BH*•¥MRa»~ M~KBM~»~a~BH£ MR~B~BRB~ B ¼~~• yr$sa#~ e ~ ~ ~~s~~ & - &~~ ea-- , :i:m.xxiltDUli :&a:x: 11At this moment, we face a period of· immense opportunity. next f'ive years we are to achieve .ful l self government)( :for kx this country (~lause by PXF members·) . In the next five years we are to achieve a Federation of the W~st Indies. In the next f ve years, we are to strive with all that we have , to maintain and advance the social and economic lii'e of the country . .. All my life I have carried responsibilities)( on my \.___shoulde r~r have spent my life on many cases and now I turn my bac ·or r,ood and all on t ha t li1~e and t ake into my hands the case of' the people oi ~ - --·- Jamaica before the bar of his t or against poverty and need~ the case o • my country for a uetter lif'e and freedom in our land. " ~e gallery stormed alive. Speaker Coke , a majestic fi~ure i: on his feet in robes and full bottomed wig, tried to still the gallery . just that, a figure p(fV1n.tl---l chapter }j!m:x He remained Manley named seven members to his }O{a(MDO(X t Executive Council (or cabinet) : NNNethersol ~Jfritln8~)~nrifelvan LloyuYf~~~~i¥i8~ illi:l social wel- 1Rastern Ki n£ston (Cpntr~l Kingston, fare) , Florizel Glasspole/~fauour ana nouse ' Leader) , Wills Isaacs7~trade lNorthern Manchester , and industry) , IJr u-lendon Loganl,ilocal government and housing), C.L.A. (W~stern $t Hary , (Northwestern St ...iames, ,, g,. stuart/~healtllJ and A.G.S . Coomustcommunications & works.)* t,<:. ,ll,vt'\.. --:U..A--(j· . *Other P:t-:-P members in the House were :FLB Evans ' Westmoreland) , EVV Allen (~Drthern St Elizabeth), Jtt Eric Campbell (Eas t ern ~anover) , Max Carey (Eastern Westmoreland) , Ken ,..larke (Wpsteru St Thomas) , BBCoke (Ben) (Speaker, Southern St Elizabeth) , Melbournc/Cox,(Northeastern St ·atherine , Jonathan Ga ant (Southeastern St Catherine) , Winston Jones (Southern Manchester) , Revd Cyril Hore;an (southeastern St James). L )('--~(~ I~(! J;~v~ b • UWI L ibr ari es .,. ' -tor- 1- i · 1 t..,tt . " ( A.' VOL l 1955 , P.122)X ti T 1tf c_ I..P' ,,( •g : E - tallc> i:'- 1. 1 '-'t ion. "bouncs of constitu ncy LJarty boundari ::,. incr a in observi.., t t: , , em linh.e with ar. w,,,,,( ..i,,nc:.; wnuen t ~ ~ t rvous vLPh- :l.N.XJ.:WWW\ I' f r Jt~;:;)1}.j)ij;~ wl i c stub0O.1.. :> lectiohs , kaM s lLPr .or .i:t.s..e.i:r t .selves. (;~ . . VOL l 1)5:.> 1-. ti.!iH.1i·xfgxLO .for a new _01wtlt 1. ti l, ource of '.L+-~. ~ ,,ratific ... tio .. to •La 1 ) ) ~ his fi~R") - -----------, ------=-=--=-:- -:--:-- :-.----== = ::;=::::::_'.)_ ~-- - - - -_/ ~ 6 ., ief ir,~_,9< ... ) HN tl.e (>lecti r i. ~ olle ,_,ue l L .- ienc {illiam Se:;.v~·i~' t ) 1.. J tl e Ho..ise. C _ ""'es since the lo.ob Jly days of' 1 J , SeJ.vri"'lLt' 1--l • i u, bid :for tl10 Hot.. e !aile e won the bye election ca1fed by tJ e 0 took his ,-_pc3t on arch 6 , 1/ 5b. ' f' t 1 , SC'Vc>rel) "1'-"oaut "l:.8.lltCIAB.lrl•--e I 1of' ->re::,oivc di n i tv and 1.na .1estiv1 e(~ i.nt~ ri t y_ fhhTQ,.( baker ~;::e::::-E= ~±: =.1:: :1:::::}':==~!t=aa = :1:,:1p11:: e:::s:1:'lt e = eu::; =b.=~ =::tl:'l.~~;:;~=~d c:;: ====a~ a 1 or. ,0r uS L~~P.( /U ic.u±' tural .,J L _ _ lio ayor Ul } ... u ~t-u , 1 ~ :mz1hs:Af1HUl1.R'..ru:1'11!.11lm tl •1-Fc::t:t=t:l=Q-:.Q===:;::~C;)c= = """~u • .;e,e y anl y .ho coul 1.ow r:·~ it4.1 ~ • ;:::oc (Y-..a,.-....1 vp c( t{il,Jf! ~' ;l;=e= ea1:d::y= c::r1:t¥S ~ ar try as eloct ed leader 1111011 the 11oli t ical ~ . ~ scene and the consequent res1Jonsibilities le , ~ ¥ ar0w1cl this time . . . . . . . ·- . f.'Q'C,,..i¼ r ..... t a constant hi into a :i= u, lie rr,c- et':t in. O.L 11s 1)oli tic . 1 r1s reL l ta!£101 /in tlle ciVCll 11. t. E' xear t! , 1 ,X • x ~ &ill:J...S • ie R!ll!:llll!2p,td.uall1 rest of the Cai ibe an(.:'1.mul~iilt/\£XR.l'l w1'u1x x »sx wa:1D, iNX.:.k.l8.R locally .ho occupi ed t he A ~ /le ,islat ivf> wilds , had invited suc.11 µublic accolade.::; a;:; T , J-\ · • arryshow ' s .,,. aa • •• extravagant statement to a ~lamaican audience that "we who come .frum the various island;:; .:.re .• ot so much int erestE:d iu 1-rnw knowine- how you feel about :t<0z::na 21. ManlPy, for by t hP overwhelmi ng su:f1'rage o:f tl e p( ople or the • ('st Indies , we look to J i, as one who is wel l able to sl ap, the :: turc that we aspii: e to . 1'1 ( CA {1H LA Ql,,;f{ CO~ G.L.€ Lite v e b t L zc:re::5 had 19'52 ideole ~ical sun Je ~q %- ome be.1.'ore tfae/:tru.m:«:e:x:t11q1;x x~:i:i:t. :ix 1 is ow11 part y . Mil ~ ,In --..t o j ob is as nakedl y up f'or urabs as tJ.:.z.::b ~ t he polit ic i a n ' s and \../ like s ome 9r a:l:y ac t or on sta~e he mu s t cont i nuously 1 . , . ~ ! ,a t~e=Ge=pe ~~ti ~~=~ePFSPffiaHee=mag~ ex~ a 1n Lll.S .-n~ . So borrowi n~ a line f' ro1.1 ( ror mer ) U . W.I. Vice ~hance llor S ir Arthur Jud:s: Lewis t ha t "Socialism i s a b o u t equality , 11 ( 1 r..TI'LBFOH}. ' S BOOK P . o8) UWI L ibr ari es I • ' 9 and declaring that "a socialist believes that t he purpose of l1uman l is ­ tory is . to achieve a society dominated ly tle cbncept of eq ality ", he stated how le "t:llas=~~ sou~ht that equal i t y .. fo ~~ /;,-<>d«mn. ~ t ,ltv:. 1 t __ g ~ c)~td. f/i?ff ,1 ✓1~ ~_, f;.Ol(' t;,,ahi,lJ/; ,; '1_.'>'l.{ ,<_1 Cap1 tal ~ esources and c.ar::::t::t:z>l inves tment ~.i;,P) the ~ tr-16PP:S. o-:.· lof\~>-,q ~ ' • • "'n:L -fc. , -t a,,.j.. 71..t. '"'d. rl,'f:0 s. wcJvl d - ~lw..( 144 J.V"WJ<.,t n- .6 ~ ~ p;,,ly ~ .>o u-~~ t-1_,,{0t,_,.,,( 1 1 o h e poop l.e, " 1TI! s a-::l,.ct . Ye was not findint, it "di£.Eicult li,"1 ~ or contradictory" to invite capi talist.S i,i:1,1rest1ueri1l s into Jamaica, just ~/,,._4 , -tW' d¥-J<,~ f- II tr} -rvf6- a s he would not find it ..,,difficult · :f.;a;> Krlami:i:.sJo. develop any public '">vf4 le,0 ~ enterprises or establis! any i'orm of' public control. " He !:>lammed into ,,. 11.,/- his critics , both the "muddle-headed " and the " biased " and declared: /,,;/ A /~. " I am content to remain where I am , M 1ere these seemine; conflicts .;,' are resolved by -accepted principle and where practical reason uay safely influence me t hods . I remaina socialist uecams e I have a conviction -l,.. that the society the sociali sts believe in is jus t 1 acce_ptable an,..p._ f 1lr } anley did a little mino~pax~ W0:f'k to- h istory by bein~ t he first minister to locate a ministry ~ll9XX~t outsioe of Ki n~s t on . He l~0OC)GCXbCX moved his Mi nistry ~ o a~r1cul ture ) up to Hope Gardens i~«5t (~rI~56 Vol 1 P 27) and e armarked a but ~t £4~e.J: ~bm . ) budcet ~ ~ x u x~~~~Jfif~~x ~ x J,u:~x~~»~~x~ for it . ~~~~to bauxite -w..,t his ·uii/h\.. - 1 ~ 1 or XJU. .::iost dramatic modit! ~ ..,. Tb.~ e riches t of the worlc.. ' s ore deposits had been for years xRa:pli.11~ tur= i nto/i£i North Anerican owuer s pockets .~~ nor~ f'a bulous tb.ail. o;a~· ~;;i~1~1 .. ~~~yy--=~~:,;;i~e!:iEl;;tall~~!iji~::::=:!>B of/il:~uy. And an inept a~reement signe< by the previous 0 overument had virtually ~uaranteed that they keep those~ rofi ts. Manley ~ ow.a that i.N. one company alone , Yaiser ,::k\am:xi:i::ex !1ad i~reased i to ~ ~ in ,/JC ~l3, ~ o enin the one year 19.53/54 f'rom 14□. to 2cm/ ,Knd~rom~ ese pi,±» profits, "Jamaica eo t the maenificien t sum of £ 12c , 000 ." ITe' was/p. R]1ll:Ul ~ :x.:tmx n;uu1 ' 01, tl,e other !Lai d instant ne.,otiations i:mx xi:~1'tz with the compat.ies. :SXXXNJOOC.«:XX:t:MeXX«a.kxx <"..,Iiu't the • liand! oilpipe dream failed to auda..i.«x«x x.erli::tµ:x earnlil:i a~~&±~x~ x x ful.ex~ xx x~k~x mmA1 reality, l.J: t was extraordinary how in those years and some to come , rumour o~ oilstrike:s r?-n wild. Maybe the agree 1ent Manley ~ained out 01' the' explorinL compani~ :::; was too ~-.>octl: c:. '1.2}':) \7oya1ty, plus 40'/0 income tax, plu~ 4/'.)t11s . .iit =T , ~re, ~ exrlorations turned up hope .,,; - • ' . ~ I,_ th.e.1, _, .Y'~ OQL <> • -p ~ ._ t o a.J/ct. ~ rYl&U-1, • • - l . . . ti--1-d"r\ 1 /{I~ • ~ 1 1;{..e_ fa1, ,.tt,4~ ;r__ :!C1:l. o~.{ . ~/?ld1.,( ~e,.% ~ ....._ ~ jt!t,r.Jt~f- UV f>in..~ /2.L~ ~ a~ ~""- 1-vt,tieJtaL 01/YllllWl.. ~ hi [ T 11\M,{_ l q .n ~ ....f.J,.. tf v- Yh : tY, ,/h CM {( c.Jv::J I oA).€).L. ~ ", 0 (J O 'A 1 ~ I,( -.t...,. ~ ~fit>- t,.,,,... Of}, ii --t..1J/ L kc,~ ~ v,.1-(..-t. tv 8L1c_ O P1 1VJ~ 1 J."'1.t. /9- 1 ff) UWI L ibr ari es 10 t >e caus_Q o 1 _ o on a li""•l:e vE<-':' .._ ,...,., p st \\'as ~ "* f + ~ l f 1 ex •oit • 1 ~ J 1 • o 1e i..o P.P ~ rry • or t ~ e l , co ' ? , '! 0 ~ 1.11 a lot 0 .1. ::1.. ±he IU\u.u ....... - ¥ • •. • l • ·· ¥ n ever f elt s 1~, _ r lime was t· - e d e ba t e , q eo= iniy. diax ~ ~ P.xsxx~e • N.i«J: 4 , .fol lowi n cou i ialogue e, erc,ed betwee ..:_ tl ...,--randson.., of Ale i:ta 1~de r ::, sta iante : l a fro t 1e 0 utter , ... ·ro JOverty . nley: ant instlt }Our pa~ ent s. , s tamant e : Is l 1 an insult t co e ·r aLley : TI1cy wcrt not i n the ~utter . utt .Justama1 t e : The} wure . I ca :from nothin a ,., r • Your ... >eoL,lc la 1O11e} a _ ... d roperty . J.a .... "' 1 .53) . 1.ot l il.e you . (- _ . 5 - 5 , Vol 1 It was or some moment to t hee stab} Jci11Wiltlt ff',.gt!ons i1, tl"" a~:;,,ix;uu;h.e-.s. ttXX'N.XKX"XXX:Xttnx:<1CTOCXOCX'nXK l~ l'l.J..:.t:ai;:;:;~;1;;t:-y=x.e.x1t > XJ:'UE = wd-0' t;;..1'>-JJ:li.N.XXIS .. that two visits .x.si1: 1 u - Li t JO(~O(]QOCX~X.XXJCQOCXXXKXN ind epend enc e/ X!lf:X:RX:i:N»xk1n1l'i1uu11dlJoC :s:t.x~ xn:sl::txx ::t]!IX.XN;a:xxsit.x111-1&x. from heads of· states to the island immed iate- ~iil¥ax~ '.f1111Q:~ 01 f"ic:i.al vis_:i, t . . ly preceded the/S ~ ~ MX~Xe~~ • by Princess Mar~aret of Great Britain in Februry not infrequent 19 55XXX¥X , ili~Q ~ ?DCXXlfMX Royal Tours were/i'.XlillJIU!JU experien ces to Jamaica, notwithstanuing that some :t ~~KKia were minor indeed. What k a:i."ix was unpre - 1e E}:,s;_ec1.>tives of' two aud • cedent ed was .:.t.NR a visit from ~ chief,i:; ~;ir;/ t noroughly--black/ inaepenclent t countries within six months : Pre sid en t Tubman of Liberia and President Mag- -9 • lo ire of Lai ti , :tbutx:fi:x.s.:t at the celebrations of' " Jamaica JOO " , mar kin~ what was allusively called Jamaica ' s "association'' with Great Brita in¥ , , th,· tri-cent nary of/ rnoocnnxxxn n :DOCT~ XXXXXJOQ: i . e. , the Jooth • / Dritish If' t h t ld 11 t b 11 d anniversary as a co~ony . e cen enary cou rea y no ea owe vists or to ~o by without some reference , then a small euphenism and a the/x±mxRx :k:x with . ~~xaxx ~~3XN~x a couple of the Brothers , of sta t us equal/:tl!I: royalty, did for it neatly . (The Ethiopian reference of the Ras T ? farians had not yet gained strength.) Uut social signif' icances aside, Manley was mRRX:i~ t 'acing ' .formi­ dable obstacles in placing a chicken in every pot . he .had quite quickly ~ ~ tlV(e after his x±x« ascendance to office made clear that from his end , there - would be uo d eterrents to miXgration.XIDfn{XXKnX1filCU Although he would ~ were char ;i.ng snap down on the loan sharks who/a - xa»xR~x ~ exorbitant interest on moneys advanced :for travel _ tickets, he saw that "restriction of immigra­ tion is Britain ' s decision, not ours ." It was his way 01 g aining » xRa:tm:i.Ng time while he tackled the problems with planning. * he was struggling with x111~a:x -1E-The ,, • • a or some churchmen hi h .e§ta te hao/ ri~lish "~ bishop of Jamaica (Anglican) Hontagu Dale ·s~ g in the peess that ,f/f ~ XNli?XBXNa:.s..xn.&x.a.11t:e.:mx.:fD1::x: he knew of' no rea~on for migration since there /i'..!,po~ wa s no poverty on the island . . ~'/"\.__, (\,IVV\_ :I r{ y \J o_) \ /; ' L,A./-~~ - V V ., ,, I UWI L ibr ari es / ---, ./ I } rr ·I A / /"\.Y- (.,- ! . !}'./ ./v-v1 \ q, I _ ,_ ~ j //, vl- c/-v 1/VI..,-' Y~ /' A -----0 ._A..,,- /I (j ~ I 2.--.:../ ~..-'L-L ----( c:- .~ - _,,,.-, ✓ ~ _,., • - I (i J • I )__ / r-- ~ J ~v...,...._.... I l/...-'\.. .,' ----- ---;:: ...-,. ...._ _ .J / ~-/- I , / -- - '-- UWI L ibr ari es \ \ I / I I ..,/.___.,.,. i'\..- -V-L, IC I ...J.---, ,. ,· I ✓-"--- --(__ 0/ J ,,. I UWI L ibr ari es ...... V I • I y--_..--.....___ 0, . 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