UWI L ibr ari es . ' - PROBLEMS IN THE CREAT(OM OF A STANDAAD DIALECT OF.ftOMAN(S Paper presented tr tne Lanqu1ge Pl1nn1ng Sessl~n l1ghth ~crld Congress of Soc1olcgy Oept,rtment of Engli,h UNIVI llSI rY Ot I rxA'6 • T orcn to, Canada August 11174 • Ian f, llancock (:Omilr lnll'R1alit111al llon, 1'.0MITIA 1.UMIAKI ROMANI a11J',, A-,i~a • UWI L ibr ari es I ! I PROBLOO IN THE CREATION OF A STAIIDIUID DIALECT OF BOMANES t.01 ~•• (IIIIIMnl• --ny) 11 the collectl.,. - for th• dlel■cts spoken by sla •II lion or •r• !!ell ("5yp1l■1") throu1hout the -rid. SoN of thH• Glv.rge frca .. ch other to the ••tent thet et the World «-nl Congren In London In 1971. and •gain In 197Z, It wa1 often neca11■ry to ■-ploy French•• the c- 11■dlu■ of -l~tlon. This fact -d• •■rl' epp■rent the rHIIHtlon that If ~OIi ■re to •ke their own way toward• united future - perhaps to th■ ■vantual creation of the Gyp1y stet■ of !!-anestln - a 1tand■rdl1ad language Is essential. Gltll Sarkon, one Europa.., d■l ■9ate at the 1~72 Congress, 11111de this clear to the participants: 11ll•• achl■-nt of llngwhtlc unity ls the flnt step tow.rd unity u • people", problus ln•olqd In creating a unified, 1tendardl1ed dialect for• fre9111ented 1. 10 The Origin of 8on11111h 1,l1 !omenl1 11 d-•trably a neo•lndlan language, but Its eKact affiliations within the lndo-1,..,lan ■ubf■•lly ■re not lutown with precision. Its similarity to l11dl ■n lenfu■IH Wit flnt IIOt■d by an Aultrl■n ■lnlat•r• Stefan Yell, who In 1760 dlscow■r■d that the l■n9u■g■ of•- llalab■ rl lndl ■nl studying In the area lh■rad -■ny fa1tur■1 with the 1peech of th■ locel ~- Jacob RUdl1er we, probably th, flr1t to ■nn1111nc■ the•• tl•llarltl■• In print (In 1782)(11, the tchol■r Heinrich GrallNnn 1y9ge1tlng an ••paclally clot■ link between !!on■nl1 and Surat,• l■nguege s,~■n In north-it lndla, • .,.,,. l ■ter 121 . Later 1cholar1, such e1 8atalll1rd, Pott, Herriott, Trumpp, lurton, "lklotlch, Pltchel, Grlerton, Pa1patl, Bloch, ■tc. UWI L ibr ari es I brought furthor connections with the lndlan language• to light, but not until the J later 1tudle1 of Alfred Woolner(3), develop■d by John S1,npson<~>. •a• a more ea,terly origin posited for 5omanl1, The _,,t ClllllPl•te work to date r,fr1ulng thll erguNnt, i.e. that ~nl1 hed e tentrel lndlan (Saura1enl) rather than a Gardie (Palsafl) I origin, was that of Turner published In 1,26(5), (6) 1.12 Then- ~Dffl, If cognate with n,odem lndlen [9om] , -uld 1ugge1t es kel\rlck and Puxon point out(7) • that the lndlen ancestor• of the ?,Oft! r-lned peripheral to the strictly 1Mlntelned catte•dlvlded 1y1t11111, Jan Kochanowskl, e k-n6 hlstorlM end linguist now resident In Paris, hes 1ugge1ted (Bl that the mlgretlon out of north•central lndla might he,,. been precipitated by lncreetlng warfere among, end Interference from, the rest of the populet Ion, 1,1) Becau1e of lulcal and phonological retsntlon1 In ll'IOdern !om9n,1, It 11 po1• ■ Ible to be fairly certain that thl1 northwesterly 110v-nt occurred before the middle of the )rd tlf>tury 8,t., 1lnce kno,,,ledge of the features of 1everel $auresenl Prlkrlt dialects he1 been pre1erved from this tlM In the ln1crlptlon1 of King Afoke (256•237 8,C,). In migrating Into the Hindu Ku1h region ,nd perhaps beyond, lnflu• accretion, dating from this ti.,. probably account for •••lier 1choler1 •~h •• lloch end "lkloalch 1ugge1tln1 • 11111r1 north-.e1terly origin for it-nl1, 1.1, There are Independent ecco1111t1 of 11,000 lndlan1 (c1ll1d £uzo() having entered P1r1la e1 early et A,0, ~J9 durlnt the si,inlen Dynasty (A,D, 22~•6SI) to enterteln et the court of King lahr•~ Gur. P1r, W,R. Rl1hl, In the .oat COlll!ll■te dl1cu11lon of early R-nl history to dat•(') • offer• linguistic end 1nthropol09lc1I evidence that th• Lurl, referred to a■ Zcti$ by the poet Flrdeu1I end tocley alto kno,,,n •• No$ribi~a or•-• constituted the flr1t group of~ to leave lndla, He alao 1 UWI L ibr ari es 9peak1 of • - ••cat1d, later group who were taken•• tlavet by the Nusllm warrior I owtkl(IO) bellevts that the •"cenon of the ~""' were ReJput wnrlors from the arH nc,w Im- 11 RaJ■tthaft, •- of '°"'OIII left lndla after bel"D dech .. tad by Nu1llm troop, at the lattle of Tara In In A.O, 1192, A 1lmllar vlw h held by Ronald Lee(ll), If there wara l"de•d three (or more) separate migration, frOffi lndla, thl1 would help ••plain the variation In dialect and phy1lcal type evident -g [uropaan !om today, 1, IS Vhata•er u,a real raHons for novlng Into l'ertla, the JIOIII were not to re.,■tt'I thare, In the yeart following the death of the Caliph Namun In A,D, 833, !CIII In the country at that time were, according to Pert Ian hlttory, per■ecutad by the army of 0Jelf lbn Anlb•••• and driven north-westwards Into Caucasla, arriving there between A,D, 1000 and 1100, During the sojourn through lranlan•tpeaklng tarrltorles, ~..,..n(, ecq11lrad COfltlderabla Per.Ian and kurdlsh•derlved leldcon, a,g, air "garlic", pol&. '"-1", •or ''9ower" &fld ,_ ''wax", It may be tl!lnlflcaftt that of the Persian and lwrdlth•derlved lexicon In ~oman,, (co:,, SO Items), non from those l ■n!luage• occ11r which have a" ultimately Arabic origin, Arabic lnfl11ence upon the lranlan languages d1ta1 from c,o:, A,D. 650, Frm the languages of the Cauca,us have been taken e.g. lc~Hch, "plum'' (frO!II l;aorglafl), kot6r "piece" (frc,c11 Armenian), ww-d.6,i '0,.aggoo," (from 01teta) and 10 on. At that ti•, Turkish had not spreed westward Into what 11 now Turkey, and there are no, or vary few, Turkl1h•derlved It••• In the [uropaen dlalect1 of !!Offlanf• (t2). 1,16 ly the IJth Century• tYbstantlal group had ftlOYed tnto the ar11 of Greek ling• u•1• daalnatlon, In what r, today wettern Turkey, and Influence upOI\ ~0111a"'• fr11111 Greek, both lolcal and gr-..tlcal, wat con1ldarable. Laxtc■ I It..,,, frC1111 thlt 1ource Include e.g. f6l'O "t-," , Z..tidll "flower", xcH "angry", etc, UWI L ibr ari es 1,17 H•vlng by that time •rrlved In Europe, the !Oft! c011tlnued to 1pread outward1, abaorblng (by the 14th tantury) aouthern 51avlc and (by th• 15th Century) c0111lng ' under P"""'nlan, Hungarian, eett Slavic, German, k, Influence. period, the main European dialect 1pllt1 ,..ra taking place, 1,20 The Dialects of Modern !!(,manls During thl1 lalt 1,21 Turne,(l3)dlvldes ~ornenfs as• whole Into the European, Ar111enlan end Syrian (Including 'Asiatic') 1ubfamllle1, without dividing ••ch further, Theae dlvl1lon1 appear to be val Id; Samp1on1141 1ndlcates that at the time of entry Into Persia (cf, 1.,~ above) the ancestor, of the Gyosles spoke a single language, Thia hes bean .. contested by Turner, however, who felt that a major split had occurred prior to this ml~ratlon, and that It was at this time that the Europaan and Asiatic groups ( 15) became distinguished , If Rlshl end others are right In believing that different group~ of ,0r.1 left at different times, It Is also unllkely that they would h•ve shared a cOlffllOn l1n9uage, even If only altered by time (A,D, 4)9, 1001 and 1192), Th• Asiatic group, sometimes referred to•• the don, dlelect1, Include those of the Mawarl, K11rb1tl, 8elud!J, i.arall, N■blos and Beirut Gypsies, 1,22 The l■tar division b•t-■n the European and A,,,,.ntan (,.,,.,. and to,,i) typsle1 occurred ■t the time that the moYe westwards Into Turkey took plac■ (cf, 1,15 above), The 11Ajor dl~lslons according to Turner, ioay b■ dlegr■-d thu■ t PIIOT0-1!.0l'IAMES r I LOM (A2"Wll1411) I OOM (S)/Kcm) UWI L ibr ari es .,. 1,30 Cla11lflcatlan of the European dialects 1,31 To data, the European and North Amer ican dl1lect1 - tho,e which concern us ( I&) Cl6bert 1pe1k1 of Finnish, Hungarian, I here have not been fully classlfle~. Ge11111n, Welsh, Engllth, C1tal1n end Andalu1 dialect,, but these cannot be ju1tlfied lln11uhtlcally H comprising distinct group,. Jt 11 e pity that such observation,, end a great iuny other• based upon ln1ufflclant data, should appear In I book made so widely evallable, 1,32 One of the most recent attempts at classification I• that of Kochano,,skl(I]). He divides the European dl1lect1 Into two broad 9roup1, YW?J( and nora-VZa)(. the latter falllng Into four further groups: ,_ .. ~­r' ::.NJ ~•.r=:t1.JW 1;.rd!..zuio: ! ,11:: •:;; ~ . ;.~-i ~•J: l-2.--.' ; ... a~.:: ;,,·,..: J:!:1.0 I .. ,,..., ,., ~u tl, ... .111,1•.;ar. br..li:~ CH l'l''.Cl, l '1UOl.l.4 .u-t,,10 . ,.,,~ r.l1tw : .• .: •"'°'~, !."01<1-~,-,,...,-J l,33 Terrence Kauf111an Is currantly attempting a reconstruction of Proto•~ONini• at tM University of Pittsburgh. To date, hi• findings, based upon extensive comparative 1o111rk, Ind icate th• fallowing clnslflcatlon of dlalocts(lB), h F. , .... 11: .. """'gol .. ,.., .. h l ,cr(a t:~·,44 lho I•• 'n••1 .,. ~•.I u,.t . . w-•~ C • n3'\ 1, , .. i 1orw ........ D,f ,.da t I !' .. ;, .. ~ '": ... .i,,: __ lt"1 r.1d Dt t., .. , .. ,.,_ Jo lrl~4 • .-..1'1111:. !h•to D~ , .. , ... ,. line:. " ...... i i ,,., .. !:tov12:::., lloP. Jio? .• . . ot~..i. .lltt• .• r . .ma.o . , • • -~~ (;tll""IQl1_. ~- .. , hlCt:l'li J Al.Una ""1.UtroLMa' t~•:. rn.t•:..a lto •1Uc: Or ,., .... , ........ , , ..,,z-r! ,;~t ll:,111!: lfl C "W"II•"•-. •.1~1 1/0:IJ:'. ~°";'o •u4 ••r . ... ~ ..,,, ; 111. _.w• •·1i .,..,n.J I --i l•lllc: Irle' •" , .,uNl Ll'ljlllaJw , _ i4>.t liaMl..1 } .... h it t •u-. :o ..:i &•11t tu""'"ic ~noi l • "H• I t.t.ll'•r' - • •► 1111c, k+•••,u , •w.,.ar 1t.-...i11: ;f'J'll'..a"lr ,._ • .3,.~ ,uwi'ld "'• • U•r-: ..,• N l.'1· ,W'W"•" a .. !JUl.'3 ••!-..-.u. ... .. UWI L ibr ari es ufman finds Kochan0><1kl'1 grouping underdlffer,ntleted, pertlcularly In the area e treat••• Balkan, ,34 The 1che-. presented here 11 further compllcated by lnter•group Influence• uttlng acros1 end affecting all of the Njor branches of [uropean !-n'•• ,35 Speaker, of all these group• are found In the we1tern heml1phere; In the USA rltlah and Vlax In particular, and In South America, lberlan end Vl•x• There 11 tendency In North America for Anglo•II00111nl (the creollzed Boman61/tn9l l1h of the o,niuat• or ,yp1les from lrlteln) speaker, either eventually to loae their language r, less often, to adopt one of the Inflected dialects - ln particular Keldere1ft1ko nd ~tlw1nft1ko - u some IIOIIW'llthl gro11p1 1vch H the Stanley& end toopu1 haH done, Soclally there 11 little lntergro11p contact among the different 1peech com• munltles, either In Europe or the America,, 2,00 Alms of the pre1ent paper It Is the object of this paper to examine factors bearing upon the present ~nes, and the proble,os of the st1nd1rdlzatlon of the language, Thl1 of neces1lty takes Into con1lderatlon several related l11ue11 tho1e dealt with here ere th• prevelllng non-,yp1y attitudes towerd 8om end J!oman,,, and the con1aquent effect• upon the ettltud•• of the 1peaker1 thamselve, toward• their language, It 11 1110 Important to decide whether, becau1e of the dlver■ lty of th• dl•l•ct1, • com,o1lt• union warlety be craated, or Ju1t on• ul1tlng dialect 1alectad for the lnternat/on1I 1tend1rd. A problem al10 ••l1t1 for a-n, groups no longer &peaking B_n,1 par••• but creo11aed varletle1 of the language (as do for u.-ple sections of the Gyp1y populations In the United Stet11, Britain, Spain, Finland, A,_nle, etc,) 111d for wlloon J!omanh morpho1ynt1x 11 quite foreign, 2,02 A further que1tlon ls that of devl1fng a prectlcal orthography, tle1rly thlt UWI L ibr ari es .. teer cannot M tackled until the phol\Dlc Inventor, of the varl ■ty of ~0111ares cho1wn has bawn adeqv1taly described , 2,OJ Kl119lng upon the•• con1ldaratlon1 l1 the problelll of llterecy, 1nd of !0m1n6 attltudu towerd1 Ir , 1nd to "forNI" education 91n1ral ly. ),00 Mon•Gypsr Attitudes to:iward Ren: the Gyr•x Stereotype J,O1 Due partly on the - hend to the closed neture of the Gypsy c-.inlty, end an lntantlcnal •l•repre1entatlon of the society by Its -.llber1 t~ outsiders 11 a protectiv, -■chenf5111(l9), end on the other to the~ or non•R0111,1nl population 1ttrlbutln9 fie· tltlovs future& to Gypsies IS a kind of wl1h•fulfllment(20), there hes emerged a Gyp1y staraotype be•rfng l[ttla or no relation to reality, 3.02 Gafe dls1atl1fled with this reality have sometimes attempted to create an llluslo closer to the rOOMntlc h1119e: "One 9rou;, of Gyps I u wl th who«! I recent 1 y spent 101111 ti,.. told me with greet glee of• -an who ceme to visit tlle~ regularly, bringing tne~ pre1ents end •spiring to the travelling life. "l,..glne her!" uld one of the 111en, "She wanted u1 t' go on outside on• cold winter's night and make us• fire and 111 1lt about It, Surr, and us 111 supposed t' sing, with our teeth chatterln', and all. Lwt her ccxne an~ stay In thl1 here caravan, an' let all of us ba goln' t' 1t1y In her house In London ta what I uy to that!"," (ill One Alnerlcan ,-nol0911e ("Gy11tlolo9ht") II ragerded with IOllle -•-•It by hi ■ R01111n ecq.,.lntance, llecau•• he per1l1tently wear, the bandanna and •broldered ve1t and •••h r.f the 1ta11 Gyp,, whenever he vl1lt1 them, J,OJ llolt suc:h ,_ntlcs however, are content to confine their fant11le1 to p•per, An ••MIiii• of thl1 appeared In Bolida;/ N9a1lne ,o,ne ye•rs 19o(ZZ), In which th• writer, herself clelmlng llonianl ancaurr, creahd • veritable "concentrat•d euance of Gypty". She datcrlbu • f•lly which 1ought her help by tnean, of trell•tl9n1, end UWI L ibr ari es h■d £ngllsh Cypsy surn■mas but Hungarian Gypsy given names, who dined on root• herb•, pl1y1d clmb■ IOID• •nd violins for ral ■x■llon, and wtoo spoke what appears b• 1 111lxtur• of An11lo-l\ollllnl and gibberish. There Is evan rehrence to ■n "o■ tn the Green Skirt W01111n ..• 1bout the highest honor• gypsy --■n can be 11fv1n". If r-■ d■ r IUlp■ Ctl I .u th111 are -rely fll11hu of ■n active l-■11lnatlon, or that author ..as her11lf ml1lnfomied, h• 11 dr1matlc1lly r1a11ured that •~o R01111ny lfes to on• of hl1 blood" . The••• reader would get• very dlfferant lmpre11lon from reading an ■rtlclo which appeared some years later In Atlantic Honthli(ZJ). In this one the writer - c•lled a "Gypsy watcher" by the magazine - t1ke1 pains to 01crfb, how ready Gyps ies ■ re to denounce their fellows to the police, .O~ Nonliterary stereotyping has been discussed elsewhere{Z~), and It has b1en Jointed out MOre than once that because the ster1otype 11 never enc:ounterad In raal life, aatwat Gyp1fe1 are not usually regarded ■s the genuine thing, The frequently aqualld Gypsy encampaentt ■long roadsides or on city dumps ■ re, In the minds of the stereotypers, Inhabited by wretched beings who give the "true R0111any" (wh■Uver that 1) • bad n■me, Slml hr ly, Gypslu hOldlng po1hion1 of reeponslblllty (frOM the &e46 point of vlaw) or p1r1ulng 1,tlvltl1s not conc0111lt1nt with tha tr1dltl11n1I l1111ge, are equally 1u1pect. A !,olll who Is, -9 other thln91, en ■apart on 111e>d1I 1hlp ulldlng and own• on■ of th• fln■,t private coll1ctlon1 In th• country, I• ton1lder1d not to be a "real l.yp1y" on account of hi• n111t lc■ I lnt■ren•• by one non•G,ypsy aapert who pre111111■s to know better, 3,05 A 1teraotyper Is a definer, ■nd to q11ote 9l ■ck militant leader Stokely Car• .,lch■el, "people who can d•flna ere m11tera11 C25) . "In the animal klnodom, th■ r11l1 11, eet or be ••ten, In the h11tn1n klngd0111, define or be defln1d .• , whoe~er flr1t define, th• 1lt111tlon Is the victor.,, d1flners (that 11, per10ns who ln1l1t on defining UWI L ibr ari es others), •re Ilk• pethogenlc mlcroorgenl1m1: eech lnwedes, pera1ltltes, and often destroys his wlctl~; and, In ••ch case, those whose re• 1r1tance Is low are the lftOst 1usceptlble to att1ck"(Z6) "lndlwlduals or groups of lndlvlduah who allow others to define them•• lazy, lgnor1nt, Inferior, lnhu1111n, et cetera, have given the ,-r of defining who and whit they are to others, end this power carries with It the Nster•1ubject relatlon1hlp"(27l. 3.0, The Gypsy situation lllustrnes this well,, The Clzford Engli•h Diatlona1'!( defines G~p•":J u " • cunning rogue" , or "a contemptuous term for a ..c,.,.n". As I verb It Is listed with the meanings ' ' to filch, &teal". In the Unlti,d Kingdom and other c011ntries, • Gypsy Is deHned solely In terms of his relu lonshlp to the maj ority culture; a man may or may not l i,ga l ly be I Gypsy dependi ng upon his mode of life, l111gu1ge and customs notwithstanding. A recent British county council decision determined that I trave ller In Englend was not In f1et a Gyp1y, and 1s a result not 1uliJect to certeln laws relevant to h♦m: •· .. • he hes not been • man of nomadi, hablts,., tn my Judgement he 1, not a gypsy; tnerefore the Ac:t does not appl y" (28) ~~ch Judg-nt also Means thet many people (In fact the m.Jorlty of British travellers) ire ll1ted es Gyp1ie1 - or usually gypsies - because they are Itinerant, where~s In feet they are not Gypsies a t all but ~•i'• 3,07 This kind of deflnln9/1tereotypln9 ultimately has an effect upon Its recipients; attitudes of Mind, reinforced by overtly r■presslve acts 1uch •• slavery ano attempted .. termlnatlOII, Instils through the course of time an ..,blvalent attitude toward the native cultYte and lengua9e1 "Lagarde•Quost gou 10 far u to say that 'there 11 .. ,ln most blllngu■ ls a latent sc:hlzo• UWI L ibr ari es -10- phrenla, or split parson•llty, and this might be the ~•ychologlcal key to the problem• of mlnorltl•s'. He 111eans by this that the split personality exp• \alns 'the accus•tlon 10 often brought up against frontier pe011I• or linguistic mlnorltla11 th•t they ••• "unral lab le", ''untrun..orthy", "unpradlcUbl•"•' And well they NY be, for ••ch of th .. ls often unpredictable to himself unless he has deliberately enalyied his two mode• of thought, end retained a, pertaining to him only whet 11 c""""'n to both end tharefore stable and latent"(29l ).10 Evidence of Llnoulstlc Prejudice 3, 11 It Is not un111ual to find I lngulstlc genuallz:etlons mad~ •bout J!ontanh at •II levels. This ranges from extremity to extremity; on the one h•nd are found overly lyrical accounts of the language (although owltwrc I• lass -11-favored)1 ''The Ciypsln, I Ike the bl rds and el I wl Id things, h•ve ■ l ■ngua9e of their own, which It apart frOffl the language of those a111011g whom they dwall ••• the Gypsy[ 'sJ •• ,language 11 deap end warm and full of the charm of the out•of•doors world, the ,cent of the clover and the rlppla of ttream1 and the rush of the wind and the ttorm, for the l\oamany speech Is ful I of all thl1, and though the Gypsy ha1 few tredltlon1, his rich mother tongue fflllSt ■nb■ lm In each word a thousand•••· oclatlon1 that thrill In the soul ••• " (30). 3,12 ~ld•w1y stand well Intentioned, but still subjective end highly ln■ccwr■t■ Ge1crlptlon1 tuch •• the following which appeared In• popwl■r lln9~l1tlc1 Jowrna1 "A II auth■nt IC gypsy COftl!IUn I cat I on It - and 11111,t be - oral, As they tattle for• time In a n■w country. they •c~ulra SOffia of that co1111try 11 _,d1 end Incorporate thllffl Into R""", 111e>re populerly called ~ny. It Is believed that the R""" language began••• very small on■, concerned with th■ family, th■ tribe, th• horses and herd - words requlrad for • tlaple ••lttenc1. It 11111st be very old, for Rtn111 11 highly ld1Dffl8tlc, and the compllcatlon1 of verbs end UWI L ibr ari es genders Is endless. Ther■ Is no w■y to write It except pho,,etlc■ lly, ■nd SOffl■ sounds of the gypsy ton9ue sl•ply defy our twenty•slx l■tt■ r ■lph■b■t,,,ROVII t, a dlaorderly lengu■ge, end 1111st ba learned phr■ae by phrase, Even th■ syftt■• differs frOffl one occ11ton to ■noth■r. Verbs ■re very dtfflcult,.,no one c■n explain why the verb changes 10 r■dlcally, A 11141Jor probl■• Is that no gypsy really knows what a · ¥erb h, end It wouldn't 11111tter anyway If he did, because this Is the way It must be said. The ldlOffl 11 paramount In Raum ■nd cannot be changed"() 1 ) In one book, To G~p•vla>td, the author trav■ l1 throughout Hungary ■ nd other European countries speaking only Anglo•~Dffl41nl, and being addressed In It, wn■rever she went. In her account she Is often enthusl11tlcally accepted as a Gyp,y because of her lfng• ui1tlc skllh(32), 3,13 At th■ other extreme, openly biased pranounce.,.,n1s such 11 the following nw,y be found: ".,,hh l■ngua9e .. ,[which] contaln1 traces of an orlgln■ I character [but which] Is ■ncru1ted, ■s It were, with words borrowed (It might, perhaps be more appropriate to say( ) stolen .. ,) frOfll a dozen different dl ■l■cts" :u, ).I~ Even stucl■nts of Romani 1tudle1 ■re not exempt from auch prejud9e111ent, In a r■c:.nt book on lom, the French achol,r Bloch 1t,t■1 th•t ''le langage est ce que Jes Tslg,nes ont ~ ■Ilk d■ plus c■ract,rlltlqu■, .. c'est 1,n ,r;ot"()~~ Same ■Yen cha I l ■nge re1llty In th■ fight of direct ■vldenc■ 1 J■ro,l ■v Sus,• C1ech rDfflllnologue, cl■ IMs th•t It h 1ft "utt1rly ffllltlk■n Opinion thet IIYPll ■s fon11 e n■tlan■ l lty or a nltlon, thlt they h■v• tll■ lr own nuf••I culture, their own net lon,1 lengu•o•"()S). L■ngua;c ■pert,•-■ schol1r1 ,pp,rently have hed greet difficulty In c■rryi~9 out their Gypsy re111rch, and on■ cen o,,ly ■•Ire their devotion to 1cl1nce which kept them •t it. Martin Block, for ln1t1nce, Mp■ rlenced "an Involuntary feel Ing of mlstruH or UWI L ibr ari es -12- with "obYlous rep1111nanc:y, I Ike • blol0ght dluectlng •- nauseating c:rawl Ing thing In the lnteresu of 1c:lenc•" (",..off,mai.ohtiicther IH.d.Ni.U4 wi• a.r ewe Naiwz,.. "1iHensahaftl4r d.r •i_? •""-14~• n-uohtwr im I11un••• cl.• il£e•.,..ohaft ·••i•rt") 137). ],IS Publl1ned ml1lnforNtlon about the R-nl people and langu•g• 11 laglon. Al• though It hes been cl aimed that George Borrow hu "done 1110ra herm to the caun of thoH of 111 whu wish the gypsy C:Oftlnunlty wel I than almon any[one] else"(}&) bac:ause of his romantic: portrayal of Romani life, he nevertheless lllu1trates with so,ne accuracy the Gypsy attitude to such dogm,1: "It 11 wonderful, h It, that .,. 1ho11ld have a language of our own? What? Y011 grudge the poor people the speech they talk among them,elves? That•• just like you gorglos [G•J'l, you would have everybody 1tupld, slngle•tonguad Idiots, like yourselves. We are taken before the Poknees of the gav [magl1trate of the town], myself and sister, to give an account of O11r1elve1. So I 1ey1 to my 1l1tar'1 1 lttle boy, speaking Rom,any, I 1ay1 to the little boy who Is with us, run to my son Jasper and the rest, and tell them to be off, there are hawks abroad, So the Poknees questions us, and lets 111 go, not being able to make anything of 1111 but, as we ara going, he call• 111 beck, "Good woman", HYI the Poknaas , ''What was t t\at hearc! you uy Just n- to the l lttle boy?", "I WH tel I Ing h 11111 ygur ,oorshlp, to go end ... th• time of dey, and, to 1ava trouble, I 1ald It In our _, l ■ng11■g•"• "Where did you 9U that language?" HYI the PoknHI, "'Tl1 our own langua;a, air", I tel11 hlM, ''Va did ftOt ttea 1 It", "Shall I tel I you whet It 11, ay good -■n7" 1■y1 the Poknn1, "I would thank you, sir", 1ay1 I, "for 'th ofun we are asked about It". ''We II than", 1■y1 the roknees, "It I I no language at all, 111erely a 111ada•up gibberish", "Oh ltlen your wl1dom'' 1ay1 1 with• curtsey, ''you can tell 111 what our language 11 without Uftderttandlftll ltl". UWI L ibr ari es Another tlme - ftlet • p8r1on. "Good -n", he sayl, ''What are you Ullllng? h It brok•n language?". "Of course, your reverence" aay, I 1 "we ere broken people; give• 1hllllng, your reverence, to th• poor brok•n "'""""""· Oh, theH gorglo1l They gr11dge u1 our very l ■nguage!"(39) J,16 "On oth•r than• scientific level, our culture Mlntaln1 • looHl'f organized (liO) but falrly uniform 1ystP of pronounce1N11t1 about language" • The 11101t den9■r04,11 and unforgivable kind of llngulltlc pr■Judlce 11 that which, having achieved the 1t-,le, LI ... all of the above writers with the •~ceptlon of Borrow, Konrad 8ercovlcl "•••• people whou vocabulary l,1ck1 two word1 - po••••■ion end dMt¥• (~l) J,17 Twenty•ono years later, the anonymou1 author of an article In Corori.t magazJn, 1 plaglarl1■1 and rewords the same 1tatement: "Even today, there are two lmporunt English words for which the Gyp1f "°'abulary ha1 no known equivalent, and for which the Gyp1y people hew■ never eahlbtted any dostr■ or na■d, One of tllM 11 the word "duty", th■ other 11 "pouenlcn", •• J,11 Md yet, l■v■nteen years later, In parhap1 the most Invidious way of all, sine, ,111 plaglarls• h•• be•n reca1t In su~h • way a, to 1Ygge1t an actu1I verbatim Int••· vi .. , the ltat-nt tYrns YP again, In an article by Marie Wynn Clarke, typlcelly Mtltlad "Van l1hlng wagabonds"(li)): "A youn9 Gypsy wife uld, 'there Is no word In 04,1r language for "duty" or "poase11 Ion", but I'• afraid th••• wl II be soon•"· J,19 Like the other •non.-iou1 writer (at ).I) above) whO IHI "1,utlcal thefts" more ■- I UWI L ibr ari es n keeping with hl1 1111age of the Gypsy than "le,clcel adoptions", none of thc.c rlterJ actually overcame their feelings of what they ~Qct4d of the languag• enough 0 aak • Gyp1y himself whether these words existed In ~..,,anl,, For• long-.,,1laved aople whose lives were a 1ucc■1slon of duties and obligation,, end ..tio•• posse11lon1 thlllft, It 11 not 1urprl1lng that there er• In fact 1everal words for for "duty" there are In the various dl ■ lecu the words IIIM■a'ip•, ■tu.Iba, 'pil, t•cxinto• and vauiltip•, whl le for "po.session" there ere m&itlco• and Hrednro, In truth the fallacy of 1uch statements scarcely needs refuting, for the majority of Gypsy groups, the pressures lnduclv• ~o self•hatred are ubllmet•d through the concept of m6y_tuli ~r maxr-u,ra (tabu) factors In the cultural perienc:c, end• strong belief In ethnic 1uperlorlty, It might be pointing out the vlous to 11y that antlgypsylsm, If It 111ay be called that, can be hilld 4110lt dfrectly esponslble for the unapproachability of Gyp1les by outsiders, If~ are con1idered o be "neout Ing crawl Ing things" (cf, 3, 1'4) or "vemln" or a "5'ourge" by Ciaje, his Justifies ~am reg■ rdJng Gaje In the same wav, And In lieu of police, vovern- •nt enforced l1w1, ,,., fta,,anl culture lt1elf ••rves as the most e•pedlent weapon, •i' ••• not only 1een •• foollah end unenlightened becau1e of their refu1el to cknowledga the superiority of the ~om, but this fooll1hne1s II reinforced and ustlfled by regarding contact with Gaf• as polluting or defllln9 tha raca(~~), .21 Tnere ••lsts nevarthalas, for lome aom a latent doubt as tg the true worth th• Gypsy people. Many !om will readily deny their heritage If knowledge of It could for Instance spoil the opportunity of .,,,plO'flllCnt, The 1adne11 l1 not that do this, but thet '°''•tr Is IUCh that It Is ........ CU'II to do this. A widespread omenl belief holds that ,om are I cursed race end doanad to ... nder, •uch belief• re rationalized by acqulrlnv lagend1 to ••plain them, e,g, that the race l1 c.ir1ad UWI L ibr ari es --- -15- . (ltS) i,.caus• It was a Gypsy who forged the nails with which Christ was crucified , ),42 Tnls two•1fdad attitude t-rd the rac;e also m1nlh1t1 luelf In feelings about the 1a11guaga, which vary con1lderebly, Few ~om are ■were of the lndic origin of B-"'•• which ts regarded a1 a col lectlon of va9uely related \1nguage1 rather than con1tltut Ing dlalecu of • conrnon tongue, A V1-X spuker '111h1d beyond the dl1cu11lon 1t1ge, although branchea of the KOl!litia k£ lotr;mi In the U.S,A., Spain, fr•nc,, Britain end Yugoslavia hive been de• of en lnternetlonal I ln9ul1tlc C011111l&1lon (Sath.,,,i&alcD The problems to be dealt with are: a) No tingle dialect 1poken anywhere 1, to clo,e to the tCMIIIIOn protoform that lt may be adopted without modlflcatlon1 In other words, whatever acceptlble fori,,, 1specl1lly lexically, b) Using existing o,eens of educ1tJon, the prop191tlon of such• 1t1nd1rd dlalect will be very unevenly achieved, Settled, already literate i°"' (such 11 pretloffilnete In •••tern Europeen countries) wlll have a far better opportunity to acquire such• dialect. For Illiterate end nOOllldlc ~.,., the t•sk would be much harder. c) Not all Sorn everywhere will ever learn such• standardized dlelect, This will cr11t1 • "linguistic elite" consisting only of thoH who have learnt the nlW International standard, ,11 The first of ·th111, i.e. the actual oonpo1ition of the new dl•lect, II fraught Ith further problems, The Inflected dl1l1cts differ most In lulcon, and to unify he currently non•1her1d •l-nt1 kachanowtkl has s1199e1ted replacing ",.,the borrowed curnftt vocabulary by Hindi, becauH the batlc vocabulary of R-nl end Hlndl•Raj11thanl Is ,o, the, • .,., and to replace th• t1chnlc1I -rd• by the Inter• n1tlonel vocabulary, ,..Inly by words cgmmon to the French and English lan9ua9a1, of cour1e ed1ptln9 ell these words to A-nl ph0110logy"(S8), ,12 Kachenowskl'• flr,t proposal could be fflOdlfled by attempting to tr•~• lndlg• UWI L ibr ari es ,nous terms for lost ltem1 In oth•r dlelects, before resorting to Hindi as a soure•• Thus the root t~eJO- "have" (< Saur, 'i!ll ~ "hold, keep, poueu") might b• reintroduced from Its restricted occurrence In the Southern dlelects to replace th• si. ("there ls/ere') + detlve nominal conHruc:tlon edepted from pan-Balkan syn• 11,cr Vl3-< d ,,,,.(ntJ.J fulcit, Southern t••Jl"detemlne1 pattern, of thought and outlooks on I lh11 ( 7S) • ,,55 With auch176) of the Spanish Gypsy PoPulatlon now lonor1nt of thl lan9u19e es a cQfflPlete and functlonln, system, perhaps the 1110st l111portant ''lllouldlng factor" no ICll\9er ••'•ts, hence th■ tragic situation of paopla Ilka the apayado above who, while labelled al 01'.ta,,oa by the host culture and subject to continual repression, ara less and l111 able to retreat Into the Indigenous culture where one can continue to be 5,00 Oevlslnp • ,ultable Orthography S,01 This Ntter ha1 bun referred to briefly It ~.20 1bove. The 11robl.,. reinaln1 i-ever 11 to what system to use, At present, most of the written R01111nfs renoalns In the pages of the Joi,r,,al of ths Gyp•~ Lora Society, usually In• ftlrly narrow phonetic tran1crlptl011, Nearly 111 non•scholarly texts which 1ppear are In the orth• ography of the len9ua91 of the country, thus Spanish Cal6 follows Spanish lan9uage 1pellln9 conventions: "Olea eel If sos I lnastu tereln, plu· arandota •lsto men calochln desoulff10 de trlnch1s, pu~fs y canrrla,, 11ta anjell• ter,laba dlcando on lot chorrea ... •• • Anglo•A01111nl Engll1h sp1llln9 conventions: "Cuvve•kal ••• sir the chln01111n9rles chlv tal■y fflOrro p091ddy•Jlb cann• they kom1 to chin It dray a Ill, Olk1 a bitty divvy to Mndy If tooty k- to J In", and so on, Th••• are, though, locallzed dialects, 1nd In both cases hive lost most of the n1tlve 9r-r and IIIUCh oft~ lexlcon to Spanish and English respectlvely. UWI L ibr ari es S,02 Even the spelling of lnflacted dialects presents a probl..,, A KaldaralTtsko booklet of scriptures published for circulation In trance hes an orthography based on Franch: ''No..,,. o Jfsu1 ph■nel lenge ketchla paramltchl1 Savo fflllnouch and• toumende, ta avel les yek chel bekrlorha, 11 te •htsarel yek, tchl moukel le lnya•var•d..s•tal•lnya.,." S,Ol The argument Is, pre1u1111bly, that If trench !telderlla ara literate at all, It wlll only be In trench, and they will therefore only be familiar with that 1yat11111, This Is largely true, and while It h11 the questionable virtue of bringing th• word of the S°'letf pour la distribution des Salntes Ecrlture, to our people In their own language, It may only be read easily by ~om In France, Someone In s.,,,den speaking S,04 Of cour,e whatever writ In~ system Is devised Is going to look unusual to aonr. ,actions of the population, at will the standardized dialect lt1elf, But these are facts which mutt be accepted If Mo..,,,~lan Gyp1le1 and Hun9erlan Gypsies (for ue.ple) are ever to see them1elves rather 11 ~0111 whose hoo,es are In Norway and Hung1ry<77l, S,10 The sounds occurring In the principal Europe1n dialects are•• follow, (not every dialect has th.,,, 111, and c.ruln "phon~mu non•lnt,gr,1 11 11 dlscuned by Koch1now1kl( 7B) are not lncluded}1 ., u ' 0 :, t) Q. UWI L ibr ari es i,11 The basic_,, ere five, via, /• e I o u/, with the followln9 occurring as el lophonlc variants: l•I (11 • • a) ,., C• t •l /1/ { I • J y r} /o/ [o ~ I) /u/ [u w., o) The central 1erle1 /e/ [ ■ e +) occurs freauently In some dialects, especially Vlax, where others have /e I 1/, These are written In Ruinanlan orthography as ,land! (the only other European lanaua9e with a special letter for a central vowel Is Albanian, with f}, Likewise, [y, w] occur only In some dialects, and aoa l n only as allophonic var I ants. 5,12 The central and secondary vowels need not be olven specia l letters In the re• vlted orthography, leaving five vowels only: /a e Io u/. If It Is found necessary to Include further symbols, 'e ', ••'or 'e' r..loht h• used to Include the central vowels,• U' for [y), and so on, The main concerns In select In~ appropriate sy~bols are firstly whether they are oenerally familiar to the speakers already (e, e and! ■re not) and secondly If 10, ■ re the facilities easily available to print such characters, 5. 13 ThHe five Yowel symboh a•e also adequate to represent all ponlble diphthongs with the !1l lde1 /w/ and /y/ : al, au, ea, el, eo, eu, la, le, yl, lo, lu, oa, ol, ul, Phonetic variant, are Nny, th111 /ea/ ml9ht represent (te ae cat• ea ee], ,e, Some of these are found only In le~tcal adoptions frOffi RuNnlan, and may not occur In the devised u■ndard dialect, ,. UWI L ibr ari es "' "' .., _, 0 "' .., ... > ,,. _, ::l .... ... .. "' C . .J .., "" .., - I ..J r;, ... < < ... C> < !;;; 0 !;;; "' < .. < - ... "' < _, I; _, "' :'; .., ... .., .::l :> - .. < .., < > .., m ..J 0 a.. "' : Q. i > :::, "' ' PLOS IV[ p b t d C JI k g ASP IRAH ph l . (t fh) l kh NASAL In n fl ') ' LATERAL ' "' ·- - - - flAP r FR I CATI VE f V ~ : f ~ I ~ ~ • J " y X ~ h AFFRICATE h CZ tJ d~ ti; .. ~"\ SENIVOIIEL w V S.1~ The orthographies of nine European lengua9es have been exemlned In order to devise the molt widely ac:ceptab1e system for f!omene1. These are Engl lah, French, ,., ... n, Croatian, C1ech, Slovak, Polish, Rum,anlen and Hunv•rlen, lleny of the letter, while others differ In frequency (~ Is not common In French or R...,,.nlen) or rep• resentatlon (!_ • [J] rn Hung.rl■n), S,15 T>i. Pu,ai.,.e, 111th the exception of [c:] end {fl, these ere written e111'e In 111 nine len9uage1, The Romance lon9uaces favour orthopraphlc: ~to.!!,, but.!!. Is UWI L ibr ari es 11 ,ed, and unlike£ has the constant -.al11e of [k], In addition,£_ rapratentl [u] In several lan9u19a1. In ~oei.n&, [c] end[~) occur a1 variants of /k/ and /Q/, and need not be r■pruant■d In prl11t (Czech and Slovak .. rite them!.!. and!!.!,, Croatian H E. and !L, and Hunoar Ian H !1. and u.>. S,16 Th• Aepi:raua, The aspirated stops, being a legacy frOffl lndla, ha-.e no phonemic counterparts In the European l1n9uaoes. This feature has been represented In tev• arel ways In linguistic treatises, for example by an~ (or supra,crlpt h), by an 1po1trophe, or by the symbol for• diffuse voiceless fricative (~,x) foll.,..lng the .iop, The sug~eulon here Is that an!!, of compar1ble size be pl1ced fol l0wln9 the relevant letter, A suprascrlpt h is unnecessarily precise from• phonetic point of -.law, cennot easily be handwritten, and I, not pre1ent In mo,t typesetting establl1h• ~ts, The apostrophe Is needed elsewhere, a,g. to represent elision or abbravl• 1tlon, and such 1p■ llln9, as ~F"u, tpem, fX:r'QZ, ,c. give too unfamiliar an appearance on the printed page, The comblnat Ions en_,- !!!_, ~ wl 11 have other poss Ible valuH GIiiy to llt•rate English-speaking~°"'• for who,n they might repre•ent [f), [eta] or (x], Aspiration need only be Indicated after prevocallc stops In Initial position, for ••ample ~/phe "on/s I Iler", ta/tha "so that/and", kanfkham "futura•marker/1un", tlor/tJhor "thlef/1>e■ rd", although It .,.Y occur phonetically before llq11ld1 (phrat "brother, phtaJ,t~"1110untaln"Ja1 wall u madlally and finally (dokth61'0 "doctor", !'•i:h "on■"), No Instances have been found, hoo:'•ver, where aspiration In thue po1• ltlon1 H••• other then In lnlthl p~. th, J,:h, tlh, + V) l1 significant to ,neanlng, 5.17 TM Naaate, Thase are [m n p ~]. (m) and [n] pra,ent no orthographic dlffl• c~ltte1 1tnca they••• so written throughout Europa, [p) warlously occur, a, e (In French), es !!J. Hn Croatian), ■1 ! (In Slovak and CHch), H 1 (In Polish) and UWI L ibr ari es !!1 (Jn Kung■rl ■n), It occur■ In flnel po1Jtlon only•• an allOPhone of /n/ (In •- dlal■ct■) ■ftar /l/, ■nd need not be repre■■nted lndepa11dently1 1kamtn [ ■kamrn] ... . [ske111r11J "chair", ktrJ>fl.n [kertfn) - [karflrl] "spike", EIHwhere It My be written !!I. (of, 5,Uh !IIJfa "nine", Jcon11lllco "brandy", [1J] doe■ not t•n■relly occ11r exc■pt before the corresponding ■tops, and In most dialects, like [rl, lt di>e■ not occur In final totltlon, Thul It NY be represent■d by .!!.' h!111i:G ''yet", tlczng "knH", S, 18 TM ZatlNt., TheH ■ re [I) end [A), The letter, P■ l ■tal sound occur• H ll• .!,L, l'.., i.!. or .!I, In various European ortho9r■phle1, In ~om■n&1 It ■ppe■r1 finally only 11 • variant of /1/ after /1/, end 111ay therefore be written,!_: J'il [•II) - {•IA] "fart", iit {JI I] - [J1,1) "cold(ness)". In other potltlons It,..., be written .!I, (see 5,22) 1 k<11. In lll■ny dialects, [J]' {is l and{~]' [1,.] h••· fallen together at /I/ and /I/ or el1e never were distinct: [f) end ( ~] generally corre1pond to [tf~] end [d,] In non•Vlax dlelect,. The 101111d1 Cil ■nd [J) ere not distinct phone,.., In ~Dffllnfs, but occur•• variant• of (especially) /k/ and /g/, Therefore they do not need Individual orthographic representation, The••""' Is true for [• J end [y J which occur es varieties of /k/, The voiceless uvular fricative Is shown by~ In Ger.,.n, Czech, ~lovak and Pollsh, by !!, In tro■tlen, and SOffletlmes by~ or kh In Engl lsh, As for the choice of the symbols! end! for [JJ and[, }, digraphs Involving~ are to be evolded since this letter Indicates aspiration, It Is proposed that~ be used to represent this sound, since ltt "111ual" value ([ks)) Is represented by the sequence!! In !!OOMnh. Uvular C•J occurs•• the comnon pronunciation of /r/ In many varieties of German and French, and Is therefor■ uniformly represented by!. In print, In no European l•ng- 11191 does C•J contre1t phon..,,tcally with [r). W•y• of Indicating the voiced uvular fricative In 1cholarly treetments Include t• R, f, ,, Land rh, In ~omanf1, [8) and {rJ ere distinct phone1111 only In son1e (esoeclelly Vlaxl dlelects: Ni "lord", ta£ "twig", baJo "well", b(4l' "rock", elsewhere the ilnale /r/ phonell'le hH the flap or trill valve only, It Is su9911ted that the slnole cherecter !. for the /r/ pho• ne1ne be adopted end the pronunciation [r] be 9lven It for the standardized dialect, If It It necessary to be able to Indicate t~e uvul,r velue, the 1y~bol f 1, 1u9• UWI L ibr ari es 9 ,,ted tine• 111e of tM wedge accent would bring It In line with the propo1ed char•ctert ! and !, ;,21 ru «ffritltrt• 1ound1 found In~-"'• ere [ts dz tJ d~ t, d~). [t1] 11 written !. In Gerlll8n, ! In Rllfflenlan, end~ In the Slavlc languages end Hun9arlan, [dz] h •••rywhere repreHnted by~• In keeping with thl1 digraph, the corresponding voice• · ._: • le•• affrlcete 11111, be written!!.• thus evold lno the Introduction of a new 1ymbol tuch 11 i• end reffl8lnln9 uniform with other digraph,, Sfmll1rly, (tJ} con1l1t1 of /t/ ♦ /ii, and may be written ti lr■ther than••~• ~). [ct~) mey llkewlle be written dl, The forme-r occur, •• £_, =.!!_, ~. i and £ In European lan~uapes, and the latter H .I., 1• ~• di, !! end fil• rtetroflex C, l end[~] ere not recommended for lnclu1lon In the phonemic Inventory of the stend1rdl1ed dlelect, thu1 th■ affrlc■ t■1 [t~] end [ct~] wlll be Included with!!, 1nd dI. 5,22 ~ s-t:11ow.t■• {w) occurs In the diphthongs ( ■w •"' lw uw we we wl wo wu], In some of theu belng an allophone of /v/, e.g. t>Gltn ([wa l fy,]J "bottle", .Lw f[\aw]J "I go", When, •• In these cues, (w ] represenu an underlyln9 [v] It ahould be 10 written. A1 ■n element of• diphthong not having underlying [v] It 1hould be written !!_I nczu1t "wHther", but 11111 [ wuJ] "11 pt", {y] (i, ■, (J]J occurs In the dlphthon91 [ey ■y ya ye yl yo yu oy uy), end In 1uch combination• It 11 111gge1t■d that the 1ound be rapre1•nted with •n l• except before fl/ when the combln■tlon _,Id be written I,!., a11d a1ecept l"ltl•l Iv, whe" l. would Ila retalned1 l'Glc.i ([y11kh,)) "e.,.1", The letter l. r■th■r than,!_ 1h1111ld eho be used Th• lett•r l. 11 pr■ferr■d to J., thu1 ~ail rather then •jaJ/ (1hout of 1urprl1el, be• UWI L ibr ari es cayte Its ••lue It cGnttant In most Eurooean lan9uages despite Its restricted currency, whlle J..,.., represent[~] or [d~] In various ortho11r1phles. S,Z) Ideally, 1pe1kers 1hould try to adhere to the pronunciation ■s represented by the spalllnt of the ttandardlzed dlelect as closely•• po,slble. The same orthav· raphy could even be r■talned for the hOlllt! dlalect, In the sa11>e way that (broadly 1pe■klno), 011e 1yste10 of Eno! lsh spell lnQ ,erves for a multitude of dialects. Thus we might have, Ol't~om-aph~ S t ar.:i.ardi:lerl .'(at,t,,,,.,.H tako plnro ("foot'') I ~•M~j [ ci:110) slm ("I am") s1"' ) [ sii:m] valln ("bottle" ) [vol rn] [>Jel rp] 1I~~ "if ..Y~~1.rin~"i:!~~ c:ti:.r ~~ ""9in "l\ ~ It Is not proposed thet this (or any non•Latln) 1lphabat be adopted for ~-nf,, bvt Its existence ls deserving of attention, especially lf eventually verified, Mis· torlcally It ...,..Jd aupport the belief of those (such as Ronald Lt•l that lberlan !OIi •ntered the Penlnaule via North Afrlce rather then Europe - , belief held In question bys- who bese their opinion• on purely lln9ul1tlc ~rounds, UWI L ibr ari es -35- 6,00 [ducatlon1 Attitudes and Prospects 6,01 The ••t•bllshment of• st•ndardl:ed 8«nane• dialect and• workable orthography viii have to be achieved by cl••••• of some kind, and hence throu~h educatl0<1al cha11111l1, While the problem ml;~t appear to be 111erely that of flndln9 tultable ln­ tt•~tors •nd obtaining the teachln~ .,.terlals, there are ln fact a creat many more p,ot,.lems to be ovarcome, 6,02 There 11, flr1t of all, a reluctance 3~~n9 8om and tafl toward the education of Gypsy children, althou~h for different re ■ sons, 6.03 Too n,uch formal IHrnlng ls usually n9ard•d by 6oon as dt-bllltetlng, It Is COllfflOnly heard that ech,catlon (In the Gai6 senoe) "softens the bn,ln" or that It may lead to Insanity o diZ'Ll'l6a, There are senral reasons for this attitude, "Formal" educatlotl Is always In tll"IIII of the mejorlty culture, maklnQ no concessions to the often quite dlverpent values of the Ro111o1nl pupils. The teaching of "C.aflk1n6 ways" 11 Hen as a very real threat to !}aman!a, the Ro,,,anl way of life. Also, because schools are not now segregated according to se;., parent, are extremely reluctant to permit their children to share• classroom with GaJf because of the po1slblllty of ro­ mantic lnvol•ement, 6.o• llhlla (In the USA at lean) a basic readln<1-and-wrltln9 knowledge might be considered an a11et, for •••111ple for raadln9 ro1d-111,1p1 and street and bu1lne11 (83) 1lgn1, or for writing one's own receipts , It Is fitting that men only should acquire these skllls. Nany ~""' are ■ till unable to read, and the parents of a literate ~lrl would find difficulty ln obtelnln~ for her• husband, While this Is •till • COftl!IDnly-encountered attitude In the USA, more and more !!_om are le■ rnlng to read, If not to write. In such case~ there Is less ad1111o1ncy t0>ols hH been oubllshed with Rom.nl cooperation end ,omethnas admlnlstretlon, probab ly most successfully In [ngland, where the New National Gypsy Educetlon tounell 11 ,..kine slow progress, but pr0(1ress nevertheless, de1ptte less than enthuslestlc Govern..,.nt concern, i,22 In the United States, 1ever■l schools have been started - the best known In Richmond, Cellfornl■ (B7) - but none has been really successful, The situation Is too n.,. to /vllerlcan educ ■ tlonallsts who for t~e most cart st i ll remain Ignorant of 6,2) A proposal for the utabl lshr,e nt c:f e ~,;,can! school In t~e state of Texu "as utlon. It propoted: I, n.t a •o'tNl '- •etUlh__. ,'e., ~I'. r•; IIF•r;o'"J o►.t'.W;w~ ir. t-.:, , c:i t,:, site .,. of•· U ~..r•. 1-.!c, au ot.H• •lea '"Ml• na,wi. , ,: ,...vt:N4. l'w t~l w:.!d h ..,..... Cl' [ lM1• .... ,., ... !$'Cl T1kJH, t. ri..rt. , .. .,Cr..1 ,! ~ Ml~ ~.' • &tribh..-i Of S.INo ~ PD;,tl!l':ior. t111 fNUt .,:.'- H~oel Nii:• ,~ , -,,. •! o low or ._ .. , •oan.llftd u .,..,.,it,v.:..rroc-.. lo,._..,_. ti,\#l'1 J,.,..•ditUi(rl N N■t"f'W- W ff,..(llf O"II CU"H .,ii,ii,tii ......,...,_. ,-.tOII, S- AllkloiUI, o.,w ,,-m ._."• AMttt .. , f•""fk, ----· •~ "'* ,, ,...,ui., ~, ...,.11..,., ._ ~d ,. ...-r t'ri.11 .Zan ..,. ...... •L$NH • • , ~ ,u ..,,, .... ~ ,.., "'.,. tJw ~l of.,_ 1,1, t2'POWMJlt ft do flH flfl ...,.tff ....... , ._u..n ..d •'-•• • _.. lll~(w ••(,1,1,(lo­ HflltU, ~ ...... 'IC. •• fJilin •- ~MW <•l•i o UUNII';' , -.ut"' •t:tui, .. ,_ . ..... ...,, .... CC, ... ~ .... ,(HI •WU•, . Ci, TIii f,,tll It l4"" J♦I tlthr•"' ,,.,. ••tl-4 J.-.1;116 11i • ~ clerl~~ • J. 1•1 •rt, 111.-.,.1 ..,.111tlh111•111I u •• tutihu ihh••• 111N ' 1 l•t,11, ..,. H ..... ,. tr••· ti ,.,,1u ..... '"' ' i a.,...,.,. 1r1h:o t I 11..,.k•f*" O Vtff ~ ... ...... , , ........... C..f•""•" ' ~ , ....... tr•~1 , t , ... , .... '""'"I I I I Hlfllflllt "' ' ra•••cu, lllo-11~1 k1~ '-•I I k1"41 0 • ~I• 'J .. t .. t kOo•ulot01 u,J I '-l tt1,1t• 1 11 ~,. .. . , ... [ 11l 11or • • o lrlll.-0 ...... """'" 11 ,.....,,, --••MM. UWI L ibr ari es ' • ff-..at .k~• •f N4W"'l •~rl<• , ! -...c.ao.. 0 4 1 '-''"" "' .. e.:, ,;..W'\. JIO"Wft( O'ICDh •1-..._N 1'11 Cli• ~ '"°• • pU.of pPOJ•oC ff i-..d • Cw&.eJ .. ...,.,.,..4" 11lc- ;l,014111-\C~ ...... •f • lilMi•N•lMN. •· f'11at a blU"-'wl pNl'ltr, c,r ,...rifof, . _1- uz,...,....t ~,., ,,owu., !. ....-;nw "'•.-can.,,.... ... --iU,... JONA~ ~iii • ... ,,v , ,. , ,._,.,. , . ~:-- ,~•Ji..; ... • ,.,. fGt-NActh\"f ' ?.;i, ... I . Tlri41C a --.:, citt17 •• ar,_,,,,J t~ • ,;,••w• •"·• co,,u .. 1- ca•t-i ~"'J'Ut,al.U h,. r,~ • ~ , Ill M~•n"' Cl~ 4Bld tlwlc • ..a'I fwwu » ,..- b• Nf1M1it• l h ~ n2i I• ~ I • ;or ,Ji. rNf ,.""o" •.' •--• ~ ~t G " 1-.01' ,_. N~ 4111•~' ,at"''• .... u~. 1, h u, 1111t ,.,., b •II ~"' 11111• •• ,._,_ tf .. ,, • fh • . NI _., •Ml• u,.,., .,-. •• 411,...,, • I •• 1,1 ••h• w l ~ltll. 6. h ~1.,.,0 r .-ot •" •"-• ,.., ..,.1 ::!I!:::; !:':.:::, :·:. ;!-::::,::n~ '"" ltt fl& 1tl•h1INM I• ftft(etlP _,at • ... o .. , IM1•1111. , . Te '-"-'•• ,oloo•- U \IIH ·-- 11'• wl ._,.,._ . .. ....... o, 1•1 11 ,.,.. •• tfl41 Ml h ••••IN► .. • '-NOIHIIIO, .... lo .. t♦-IMI , _,..., l♦ I I ,1Ni,l .. reC • t•IH. u. "'· h CV 1uc•C . .. ,a.. FillC: rro:•-· · 10. l ■ ...... , .... , ., ...... _,.. ..... k.., 11tcn H ",o:• f fffAill t" .. ~ .. ,11 s;,.,.W\tf ll I I I h ' .... tlel. ,.u: •~• b• v,:lc,,ic,:t•i • 6.24 Tho 10<:al Rom.1nl tribunal h•s met sever•l time• to discuss the est•bllsnment of 1uch • school and, with some reservations, tt Is felt to be I wort hwhile project , ~om llter1te In Enill1h look forward 10 b~lng literate In ~oman61 too, The few who ere elre•dy (through Individua l tuit ion) have ecqulred some prestige within the connunlty; not only c•n they read ind write , but they c1n reed 1nd writ• ~Offlln'•• • longu1ge populerly believed to be lmPo11ibl1 to cOl!ll!llt to print, 6,25 Those who ore less ready to •ccept even• Cypay controlled 1nd operated •blle achool, teaching only R01111nl-orlented aubJects, have what la perhaps• Ju1tlfl1bl• f11r that tho ultlNte control - end hence Interference - will prove to COfflll from the G•f' ofter ell . The older end more c1utlou1 Mmbar• of thl tribunal 1l10 r1lteret1 th• tOOIIIOn 1ntl•educ1tlon ergumants dl1cus11d above (6.03 ff , ). In t1llf• ornle, there I,• ,tending Joke among !om ttlar• that any i0111 who go to 1chool auto• 111etlc1lly becOfflll "-ilti1t1, the ftlOlt "geftfled" of Alllrlcen l.yp1IH(S&), UWI L ibr ari es 7,00 Concluding re .. rks 7,01 No attempt h•• been ,nade to provide ens-rs for all of the problems touched 1111on hera. The arm of this paper has ~en r~ther to present to the acad.,.,lc body, perhaps •-times In lfflOtlonal terms,• picture of the current Injustices end hostile attitudes with which th• majority of Rom must contend even todey, and to support the 1ug9e1tlo,, that ■n and to this may be found In ethnic reunlflcatlcn, 1nd th■t the ,reetlon of a standardized ~om,n61 Is• prlrne factor In the achievement of this re• unlflutlon, 7,DZ Altho119II ■ few people may decry too co~centr■ ted an e1tp01ure to these "diatribes against lnJustlce"(B9), fewer stl 11 ere even c:zi.>CZN, for Instance, that hundreds of thousends of ~llffillnl lives were extln9ulshed In Neil Ge......,ny, or that Gypsy slavery was abolished Just llttle fflOre than• century a90, These are not Just facts of history, for thP pr~,~nt end the future are rooted In the pest, and It will reoulre enormous effort to eredlc.ate Its effact, , 7,03 The very nature of much of Gypsy life ensures that lll~feelln~ will never GOmPletaly disappear, ~om are In partlcular the ,u~Ject of Gaj6 scorn, or envy, or both, It 11 elso annoying to Gaff that ~om want above all t o ~e left alone; this Is seen ,omanow aa being ■ntlsocl ■ l and un~rateful to the country providing their subsl1tance, As a people without• country, we have to live alongside the '•if end abide by their laws; thera Is no escaping thls.,,and "escaping" 11 unhappily the appropriate word for IIIOlt !om In most countrle1. With leaders re1pected by iom and G1if ■Ilka, and with authoritative representation et the united Nations Organization end other lnternatlo,,11 bodies, eventually perhaps~°"' will not be put In the po1• ltlOl'I of wantlfl9 to escape from their count ries, but Instead feel •• proud of their var I ous h..,,. \ ■nd1 as they are to be ~""'• UWI L ibr ari es 7,0~ Leedershlp must come fr.,., within. So far there has been no highly situated euthorlty figure who hes been either a ~om himself, or sympathetic to the needs of 8111111, We need nationally end lntematlonally placed Gyosy leaders who have the con• fldence of the l\anlanl people, for It can only be froo, such leaders that ~om will ec:c:ept directives u really belnq In their own lntere,u, 7,DS Observers such es Cohn(90), who maintains that ''The Gypsle1 h~ve no leaders, no e•ecutlve conn,lttees, no nationalist movement, no Gy~sy kln9s ... I know of no euthentleated ca1e of oenufne Gvosv alle• glance to pol It Ice I or rel l9lous causes", or Brian Yesey•rftzperald of the Gypsy Lore Society who finds the notion or Gyp1y natlonel Ism "romantic tweddle"(9 l), or J,roslav ~us who bellevu ft to be en "utterly mlsteken oplnlon"( 92 l are dengerous because they have set thei• Zig•-"• £"in Jii,torwo>a.r Y•Nuoh iio•r di• ubarieart l#ld Yarfu•1171g• Sitt..i IDld 6ohiok,aliZ. di•••• Yotka '" EMPopa. Mb•t ih.Nm UNprvnge, Oe11au, l78}, ) , Alfre~ C, \loolner, "Gypsy len9ua9e and origin", JoMl'fMZl of the G)Jpllf LoN Soci .. ii,. n,1., II ,28S·Z86 ( 1909) . It. John Sampson, "Gypsy language end origin", Jola. G1n,•11 LoN Soci•t~. V(lo) . lltJ•IB9 (1926), al,o publl1hed as a 1110nograph, I: woul d not be amiss to Include a brief outline of tne origin and affinities of the Indian languages hara: lndlc•1peaking peopla1 entered the Subcontinent between 3000 and 2000 8,C,, ultimately fr°"' the Jndo•Europeen homeland In north central Europe. At the time, the closely•related Iranian and Jndl•n group, had become dl1tlnct llngul1tic subfamllles, Among the great number of early Ind ian language,, Vedic and Sanskrit are perhaps the bait known, and are closely ra· lated to aach other, Al10 clo1ely related to these were about ~O other langu•v•• collectively known•• the Prakrit,, 11111e of which ... r, the vahlclat of eaten1lve llteratura,, end which are 1tlll cultlvatad today al llturglcal tongue,, •.g, Pall (for Buddhism) and Niighadl (for Jai'nl1m). eued upon the Priikrlu ware 1everal colloquial and literary vernacular, known 11 Apabhra~I••• end It 1, from the1e, rather than the Prikrlt1, that the modern lndl•n languages de1cend, Eaaa,ples ••• noodern Peharl, Nlndl and 801118n61 from S1ure1enl, Gujarati froa Negara, Marathi from V1ld1rbha, Bengali and As••••• frllffl Gand•, and 10 on, It ha, been 1u9011tad by Frenz X, tllklotlch, In hi ■ Ul,•r dte ~,n IDld die Wand,1'W113.,. iur tig•uner EIU'Opa'a, IY,la•K, Ylanna (1878), that aome •l-nt1 In,-"'' •r• of even greater age than th• Prlkrlt1, 6, In Kind I, maanlng "one of the ••eaper cla111 Janitor, man lat", end In Gujarati ''member of a nomadic clan". H, Yul a , A, C. lurnel I, In thalr Bobton.Jobaim, London (1886) list under Dollte, Dhoni• (p. 322) ''The name of• very low catte, repre1entln9 •- old ■b0rl9l11at race, 1prnd el I over lndl•"• A quota It lhe Hma entry, dated 1817, hat ",.,another tribe of v1oranu, who are eho • 1eparate aect. They are the cla11 of 11011ntebank1, buffoons, po1ture••1ter,, tumblen, dencen a11d the llk1,. , Th• most dluolute body 1, that of the~ or~", Other tlfflflatltiH In name Might alto be 111antlon1d1 Lo1/r2J'i with LoNU"i or £MM.• Xote with icauti:. Sinti with Sindhi (cf , aho Zit1gii,s) and even UWI L ibr ari es Jo.ti with Git(a,u,), G,A, Grlerton, In "Ar•blc and Per•l•n refere11c•• to Gypales", Tisa !ndt.an Anc~. S.ptemb•r, 1887, p. 258 not•-= ".,,poulbly th• word '[gyp• tlen' ,..•nlng 'Gypsy' may b• • corruption of Aa-Zvtt (pronounced E•-Zwct). rhl• word 11 not unllk• th• Itel Ian 'Egitto' In sound, :.i.lch •v have flrat'ied to confualon, and thence to• false analogy", 7, Donald Kenrick Md Grattan Puxon, Th• d.atin11 of E~'• ~p•i"• London (197:t), PP• 13•14, 8, Jar. Koc:hanowakl, "triter• llnguhtlaue dens l'hlttolre dyn9111lque", unpublished p~p•r presented to the 1967 lnternatlon1I Llngul1tlc1 Congress, Buchare1t, AUMnla, 9, P,dmaal'lrl W.fl. fllshl, 11f10m1", Roma 1{1).1-23 (1974). 11. Lee belltves that the original homeland of the 1nce1tor1 of the~""' was tn the Bactrfan ateppes, under the cultural Influence of the Greek prlnclp■lftlel of Bactria until these were demolished by the Invasions of the Yuo•Chl whO drove theffl 1outh~■ rd1 Into India. The cnovement out of tndle occurred many generation, liter i:,ver • period of ebout a century, and led through Persia ■nd the Mlddle East Into the Byzantine [ffiPlre, Aft■r the fall of Conatantlnople, sOIIMI groups entered the Balkan• ■nd thence th■ European countries: 1110re e11terly groups went Into Russi ■ and formed the non•Yl■x-1peaklng Gypsies. Othcr1 had gone Into North Africa, eventually r■achlng Spain before the expulsion of the "oors, The Spanlih ~om were allle1 of the Koora, end Muslim by religion, donning th• cloak of Christianity after the Hoorl1h exodus (Ron■ ld Lee, personal cOftlllUnfcatlon), 11, There ere, of course, Items of wttinlata Turkish origin In 1ome dialect•, but these h••• been acquired vi ■ one or 1noth1r Balkan language, for example tawww, "violin", ultimately< Turklah iavec but In Romanh via Rumanian ta..tai-, "vlo• I fnf1t", Thia 11 aho true of the Arablc-de;lvad eleme1u In th• lulcon1 diNot adopt Iona appHr to be very few, for uample lcwl. "pouch" < Arabic ..rf [kh ), See Hell Desmond, TM language of tlw Gyp•i••• Douglas (ocz, 1890), p, 3, IS. It Is po11lbl1 that the early ~0111 Inhabited •••tern P1r1le end 1outh•wa1t■rn Af;h■nlatan at• tlrH when lndlan languages had not yet been pu1hed back by tho•• of the lrenlen group. Thft would 1upport Lea'• theory (note 11, above) and 11 df1cu1sed by Pierre Halle In !ta.a., T•igona• for April, 19SS, 16. JHn-Paul Clibert, Th• Gvp•u•. (1~69), Chepter 6. 17. Jan koch■now1kl, Gypey Studua, New llelhl (1963), 18. Pertonal eorre1pOl'denca, printed with pennf11fon. UWI L ibr ari es 19, Such tactics, which are the Gypsies' c,u,i 1urvlval mechanism,••• effective enough to en1ure porpetr•tlon of the race, This 11 not however the ••me as the kind of wldespre•d mlslnfor.,..tlon b•ted on a writer's own Ide••• without first h•nd know· ledge of tho people or len9uage (cf, ),1,}. 20, w. Cohn, In Mi. G/Jp•i••• Reading, Nas1. (1973), p, 61, belloves Gyp11e, continue to exist becau•• th•y ar, needed In non•Gyp1y culture•• "1olutlons to 10111e of {the Ga!4'1] proble1111". Stetamenu such es this, and his speaking of Gaie "be• coming" Gypsies (p, 62) suggest th•t Cohn bnlcally bel ievu ~om to Clllllllt of lndlvldu.11 fr11111 IZPIY background who are attracted to, and adopt, the culture (cf. J,OS), Though couched In the vocabulary of the anthropologist, this •ttltude 1lmply support• the traditionalist Image: romantic, not•9lve•••d•mn cav•llers of the road •••dy to welcame any ~lsflt from mainstream society, This kind of thinking reached It• P••k In [urooe •t the turn of the century, when various Ngezfnes such as the Gypay a,id fotkton gasatta and Th•~¥?•~•• fr'iend offered their r■■der1 the chance to join the "Gyp1y Club" and for sb1pter 18, "Tall u1 where to 90, Guv'nor, and we' II gc", pp. 16S•l87, 2), Patrlcle Lynden, "The Int holdouts", Atlantic Monthly, August, 1967, pp, 92·96, 21i, For example b'f Th0111a1 A, Acton, "Ethnic stereotypes: who are the true Gyp1 les?", in T.A. Acton (ed.), Cla'Nnt chanil•• amongst British GJp•i•• and their pZao• -.n inu-tionai patul'NI of 4-~swpm~t, Oxford (1971), pp, S8·7S, and Ian F, Hancock, "Nutr61•emen ■ndf tumirl plrl•le•bl laringl", Ro,r,a, I (2), December 1974, 25, From• talk glvan at Nor9an State College, January 16th, 1967, 17, From Haig lo ... Jlan, "he language of se,cl1m", ETC: A Nl>iBw of gsnsrai •-Hoa, 1,m, 1,11. 28, The Couri•r• Friday, Febriiary 15th, 1974, p, 21. 2,, Fr11111 Paul Chrl1topher1en, B,tingwti..,, London (19~6), p, 9, The quotation referred to 11 fro,o P,11,J, Lagarde•Quou, "The bllln11ual cltl:an", Britain TodlJy, lliO (Dec...-er 191i7) pp, 15•19 and llil (JanM■ry 1948) pp, 1)•17. UWI L ibr ari es 33, Anon,, "Th• C.yp1y slaves of Well•chl•"', Houa11lwl.d lloru. 18S,139·1li2, S1t11rdey, October 8th, 1853, p, llil. )Ii, Jules Bloch, LH T•igan••• Paris (1969}, P• 11), JS, Jero1lev Sui, Cik4ne1<4 otbka II Z.sSll. Pregue (1961), P• 89, 36, Nartln Block, Zige111111r: w Le&.11 !Did ihn S.•t., Lelp1lg (1936), 37, Grelhnenn, op. oii,. (note 2, ebove), 38, By John Wells, one of the few British Mmber1 of Perlla11ent 1ympeth•tlc to th• Gypsy situation In ht, constituency (In Kent). Quoted from Alutalr Reid, "The trnellen", NAJ Tork•r• August 18th, 191>2, PP• 37 ff, 39, George Borrow, La.u.ngro, London (1851), pp, l39•1i.O, liO, Quoted from Leonerd Bloomfleld 1 1 artlcle In LanguD.ge, 20,loS•SS (19lilt), "Second• ary end tertlery responses to lanvuage", which dul1 with this 1lt11atlon, ltl, Konrad Bercovlcl, TM etoJ'II of tM G~p•i••• London (1929) p. IS, and repeated elsewhere In the 1a!lle book, lt2, Anon,, "teravans of 11ystery", Col'OIWt• A11g11st (1950}, p. 126, lil, Marie Wynn tlarka. "Va11l11tln11 11agabond11 the Alllerlc:en Gypsies", ,_. QwclJ'Urtlf, 10(2),20lt•210 (1967), p, 210, Nany other such 1torle1 g•t picked 11P again end a,atn •• the year, go by, Another favourite which ha1 epp•ared et lee1t four times over the past 25 years 11 that of the freed Gypsy prisoner weepl11g for his Jailer who 11111t remain In Jail, Yet enother deala with the bwl6, • 1m■ ll pou~h uaed In• confidence trick l11volvlng the 1ub1tltutlo11 of paper for -Y• ltlt. See for ■umple, Thomes A, Acton, "The function, of the ■vold1nc■ of -•di kovel1", JoMfflGt of the G11p•11 w,.. soout11, S0(]/~).108•1)6 (1971), ~s. Altho119h counter to thla 11 the 1tory that reth■r than being curaed, Gyp1le1 were granted 1pecl■ l freed0111 to wander the earth bec1u1e th• Gypsy who forged the nalla ■pared thrl1t some 1ufferlng by only ••king three of them l111teed of fo11r, loth of th••• tale ■ ■re -nly r■co1111t■d 111 booka obout Gyp1l■I, ~6. A "'*•a 11 • clen or ■Ktanded f911fly group. lt7, A "4t•ia Is• major cultural•llngulstlc division -,g th• ~0111. The Keld■r,la, ll■tiwiy■, Tl11rirl, ,c. are different nata(yi, UWI L ibr ari es 48. ,or~°"'• feel i ngs of natlonallsffl and ethnic pride, • ..., to be very OIUch d-ln of the educated mlddle class; the mejorl ty are faced dally with 9111Ch harra11•nt to care, whlle the few et the other end or the social tend to decry - 1nd too often de11y - their roots, the too 1cale Aig, Kenrick & Puxon. op. crit. (note 7 above), p, l07. SD, The London Ell~•-• Wednesday, June 7th, 1967, S3, Th1 MJWr£"flllall Pwnt, Setvrday, Augu1t 4th, 1973, Sit, Issued to ti.-, end Hilda lloawell on Februery 25th, 1971t, 55. lulO Rodgers, e Cellfomle "'8fflber of the KLR end hlfflulf e R0111nltiel edmltl thetas• boy he travel led wl dely In the United States but re1111lned for Nny yeen Ignorant of the existence of "Continental" ~ (often eel led Bra by ROffi• nltiel1), This Is not uni versa l ly the case In this country (of, 1,35) but has lead students to pre1ent lnco,,,plete end therefore mlsleedln9 accounts of Romani llfe In the cities end elsewhere, See the account of Cohn's findings In T.A, Acton, G)Jp•y politio• and aooial oha,ig•• London, Boston (197~), pp, 20-21, 56, The ,u....,ry (by Donald Kenrick) for the 1971 111eetln9 appeers In the JolO'll4l of iii• Gypay Lor. Sooiety, 50(3/lt). 101•108 (1971), pp, 102-IOJ, end tha sunmary of the 1972 01eetln9 (by Thomes Acton) In the Jovrnal of th• Gypay LoN Soaiety, 51(3/~),96-101 (1972) , p, 100, The orl9ln.l propose l read: I, I ,-nl thlb sf but kuc emende, SI partle ecnarl• kultur•t•• tel verlga malker e Roaa ende 1avoPe the,nende, 2. Nal ekh dlalekto ktl 11 mal•ml!to avre dlelektondar. Ame trubul ekh sentralno no.,..lhl111a dlelekto te vekeras ende kongruonde ta plles ende lnternaslalno lllende. ), 0 !h lbleko konilslono ka•del evre ekh 111 rom1nes, ~- SI - te erakh1s •kh lnternatlelno r01111no alfabeto, S7, The dialect of ~Olll&nls used throughout this peper Is one vertety of American ~lderelttsko end It not meant to represent eny kind of proposed 1tendard, The title of the tcmals1lon could eQually ... 11 occur orthogrephlcally as Sa~•lw Komiai.ono Chibalco, Scith-elco K.tllliaJtmo Tlibczko, SG-7''-•ko ~itmo C'f.bako, etc. ~ 58. Jan lloche-111 • ''The future of Romani", f.n T, Acton, op, oit, (note 24 above), pp, 76•77, Kocha.-skl'• epproach might seeffl ••treme to•-• He estlNtas • total a-nls•1paeklng populatlon of between fifteen end twenty mllllon, end advocates th• adoption of ~nls •• an International auxiliary lenguega for ell nations. UWI L ibr ari es 60, Froe luzo "«ld9ers (personal COOlllunleatlon), ' 61, Ol1cutted In l•n r, Hancock, "Patterns of Enpl lsh lexical adoption In an American dl,lec;t of S-nh", Orbie, 2t.(2)(1975), section 13,3 (In press). 61, Tldeusz Pobotnlak, C= of th, Lo,Jaz,i diat,ot, Cracow (1g6i.), 63, John SaMpson, TIie dialect of the Gypeia• cf Wal••• Oxford (1926 and 1968), '"• "lehael D. Reinhard, Cra,,,,ratik dee a.ut■oh,n Rcmani-!>ialakt1, unpubllshed manu• 1crlpt (to be publlah•d), Mainz (1973), 65, Tabulated ,nd dl1eu11ed In detail by T, Kaufman (P.ooia, to appear), 66. Sea Hancock, op. oit, (note 61 abo,e), oectlon 10,1 67, frCMI' the Int chapter, "L'unltE I lnoulstloue des Tslpanu d'Europe", pp, 1~~-192, of his two-volume G11P•!! Studies, New Oelhl (1963) , 68, Slntl e11amplu are taken from Reinhard, o;;. cit, (note 6i., 1bove), paaai"I, 69, Op. oit,, (note 55, above), p, 55, 70, It seems to be automatleally assumed hy ,oelo1oglsts and others that acculturation Is u,, dHlred goal. l,R. Goodey, In his artlcle "Characteristics of the English Gypsy population", G•ographicat Revi..i>, S8.~B7·"89 (1968) ends .,fth the observation that ",.,It will be lnterestlnq to see how the Engllsr '"'"aGe to aul111ll1te • group of nomads whom they have long been content to 'move along'"• 71, c,. 3,06, oe,lner Rena Cotton (Re"a Gropper), who has written several articles about North American f!om, gfvu the following es criteria: "A Gypsy Is• member of a culture ~roup which 1) re9ards nomadlsm as the accepted mode of life, 2) fol lows •• , fortune te 11 Ing,, ,an IN1 hand I Ing,,, beagln!I ... poach Ing,. ,3) u1u1 I ly si,eaks the Romani language", Froo, her "An anthropolo!IIJt looks at 9ypsyol09y", ~""""'2t of tJi. Gypsy LcN Sooiet:,, 3rd, ser,, 33,107-120 (19<5), p, 113, 72, Jan Yoors, ~ Gyp•i•• of Spain, Mew York (197~), p, 120, 73, And for 1ome, .. ~oiazty R01111nl•controlled offlcl1ldom, 7§, QuDted frOIII Heinz 11:h>H, "Gern11n•Arnerlcan language malnteroance efforts", in J, flstw.an (ed.),~• loyahy in t~e United State•, The Hague (1966), P• 222, 76, But not all, despite general taj6 opinion. The delegates fr0111 Spain at the 1971 Con9re11 spoke Cal6 amorog themselves continually, and It survives extensively In Latin Aroerlcan countries, UWI L ibr ari es 11. - 4l - Cf, note SS above, Acton (op, oit,. note 55, p, 56) notH th•t some "• ,.Eng· 11,h Gypsle;, h001ever, know ve,, little •bout 'foreign Gyp1le1', and shire the host population's prejudices •bout any foreigners "belrig allowed to come here'"• 78. Op. oit,, (note 17 above), 79. As with the dialect used throu9hout the paper (1ee note S7), the orthoVr1phy Is llkiwlse •rbltr1ry and do11 not adhere to the system proposed for the new Spelling, [f] end[~] ire represented by If/ and If!, [o] I, repre,ented by /ti, 1splr1tlon by supriscrlpt /~/ and syllable stre,, by In acute eccent, It was necessery to employ a •natural' dialect In this paper since the st1nd1rdlzed version has not been described, Bo, J.~. Oecourde ... ncne, GNtJrmaiN du Tchingana ou ~ dae Bohlntieri. er,-a,at■, P•rls (1908), pp. 377-380, 81, Op. cit., (note 16 above), pp, 2lt0•21t2, In the 196] Ylst• Books edition, pp. 19Et-198, b2. David Dalby, "The Indigenous scripts of West Africa and Surinam: their lnsplr• at Ion and design", Afrioan Lan;uag• S;udiss• 9, 156·197 (1968), at pp, 176·177, 83, One acquaintance of the writer saves SD¢ each time by being able to prepare his own bllls and receipts, The usual practice Is to have these drawn up by publlc copy-typ I• ts. 8~. The Dait!, ,'1ail, S,:ptember 7th, 1965, 86, For reference to •ome of these, con,ult e,g, Klr1ten G, Andersen, Sig.i"•N, Copenhagen ( 1971) and Unn Ji1rstad 1 "Norw•r' s Gypsy ml nor I ty", Th• AMerioa..-Saa,,­ dinavian Revieu, 58(2),129-137 (June, 1972), this latter 1carcely admitting the humanity of the Ko,,.eglan Bom, By contr11t see Harl ■ H1tol1y'1 practlc:al account, "H6thod■ d' ■nselgnement pour les enf■nts tslg■nes, d1n1 yne ,cola prl1Ulr1 de Hongrle", !:twdH TeS:ga,,e•• 16(2/J) ,51•5) (September, 1970), 87, For an ■CCOYnt of the Rlchinond 1chool , .. Ann■ Louis (Anne Sutherland)• "Or11111• lutlon1l probl..,, of• Cyp1,y school1 the Ramany School of IUctvr,ond"• t:11 T,A, Acton, op. oii,. (note 2- •bove), pp, )6-~o. 88. lnfor11111tlon from Buzo Rodg1r1 In par1onal c0111nUnicatlon, 89, Such•• Chrlttopher Wordsworth, In his review of Fred Woocl't 111 ilia l(f• of a ~y Qy;,.~ In the Ou.ud~11 review of boOkl (Autua,n, 197)), 90, O;>, oit,, (note 20 above), p, 66, 91, In the J"'1rwlgltG,i l'o•t• July 1-th, 1973, p, 2, 92. Loe. crh, (note 35 above),