French Creole
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Item Are They Dying? The Case of Some French-lexifier Creoles(2014-06-05) Ferreira, Jo-Anne S.; HOLBROOK, David J.This paper is a compilation of three recent, separate surveys of three French-lexifier Creoles from three English-speaking nations. The main goal of these surveys was to determine the current ethnolinguistic vitality of these language varieties (i.e., are these varieties really endangered?). The three French-lexifier Creoles in question are those spoken in Grenada and Carriacou, in Trinidad, and in Louisiana in the USA. David Holbrook conducted the surveys in Grenada and Carriacou, and Louisiana, and Jo-Anne Ferreira conducted the survey in Trinidad.Item Bilingual Education among the Karipúna and Galibi-Marwono: Prospects and Possibilities for Language Preservation(John Benjamins, 2010) Ferreira, Jo-Anne S.Amapá French Creole is spoken mainly by the Karipúna and Galibi-Marwono, who are both indigenous Brazilians as well as members of the wider Caribbean French Creole-speaking community. Members of both ethnic groups are bilingual in French Creole and Portuguese to varying degrees, depending on their ethnohistory and geographical location, and language attitudes vary from group to group and village to village. Catholic and Protestant missions have been largely responsible for promoting a 3-year bilingual education primary school programme among these French Creole speakers, and there has also been government support in this area. The bilingual programme aims to preserve the mother tongue of the Karipúna and GalibiMarwono youth, as well as to provide these young Brazilians with a foundation in Portuguese. All education beyond primary school is in Portuguese, the official language, which is the language of prestige, power and offers possibilities for socio-economic advancement. It is in the context of bilingual education that many young Karipúna and Galibi-Marwono are first exposed to Portuguese. In this language contact situation, a growing preference for Portuguese may well militate against longer term language maintenance efforts in these French Creole Amerindian minority communities. This chapter explores bilingual education among both the Karipúna and Galibi-Marwono, government policies for indigenous mother-tongue education, and the models and materials currently in use. The chapter focuses on the prospects for the double-edged sword of bilingual education, representing at once hope for language maintenance as well as the source of possible long-term erosion for the very language that the current programme is trying to preserve.Item Comparative perspectives on the origins, development and structure of Amazonian (Karipúna) French Creole(2010-05-04T17:59:30Z) Ferreira, Jo-Anne S.; ALLEYNE, Mervyn C.Together known as Kheuól, Karipúna French Creole (KFC) and Galibi-Marwono French Creole (GMFC) are two varieties of Amazonian French Creole (AFC) spoken in the Uaçá area of northern Amapá in Brazil. They are socio-historically and linguistically connected with and considered to be varieties of Guianese French Creole (GFC). This paper focuses on the external history of the Brazilian varieties, and compares a selection of linguistic forms across AFC with those of GFC and Antillean varieties, including nasalised vowels, the personal pronouns and the verbal markers. St. Lucian was chosen as representative of the Antillean French creoles of the South-Eastern Caribbean, including Martinique and Trinidad, whose populations have had a history of contact with those of northern Brazil since the sixteenth century. Data have been collected from both field research and archival research into secondary sources.Item The History and Future of Patuá in Paria: Report on Initial Language Revitalization Efforts for French Creole in Venezuela (Short Note)(2010-05-04T18:00:46Z) Ferreira, Jo-Anne S.Patuá of the Paria Peninsula of Venezuela, a variety of Lesser Antillean French-lexicon Creole, may be categorised as a dying variety, as its ethnolinguistic vitality appears to be relatively poor. This variety, like other minority varieties of French Creole in Latin America, is spoken primarily in a border area, namely the Trinidad-Venezuela Paria area. Other varieties in similar border situations include Haitian Creole spoken on the border of Haiti and the Dominican Republic, and Karipúna and Galibi-Marwono French-lexicon Creole spoken in Oiapoque, on the Brazilian side of the Oiapoque river border of French Guiana-Brazil. In Venezuela, French Creole is spoken in two areas—Güíria on the Paria peninsula (capital of the Valdéz municipality, Estado Sucre), and El Callao in Estado Bolívar to the south. Native speakers include elderly Venezuelans with ancestral ties but no immediate connection to the insular Caribbean, as well as Venezuelan children of recent migrants from Haiti and the Lesser Antilles. There is now growing interest in the language and culture of Venezuelan French Creole (VFC) speakers, on the part of descendants of these groups, as well as on the part of other citizens of Estados Sucre and Bolívar, and researchers. This preliminary paper seeks to explore the origins of the apparent renaissance and resurgence of this dying language variety, and to place it in the context of the French Creole language family of the Caribbean.Item The influence of Portuguese on Amazonian French Creole lexicon(John Benjamins, 2017-11) Ferreira, Jo-Anne S.This paper focuses on Kheuól, an Amazonian French Creole variety spoken by the Karipúna and Galibi-Marwono in northern Amapá, Brazil. The paper will examine the nature and degree of the contact between French Creole and Portuguese on the Oiapoque River Border, and on the resulting Portuguese influence on Kheuól lexicon at present. As the official language of Brazil, Portuguese remains the prestige language, and continues to dominate the educational system, religion and trade in the Oiapoque area of Uaçá, northern Amapá (Tassinari 2003). Data sources include three bilingual French Creole-Portuguese dictionaries, two published (Tobler 1987 and Picanço Montejo 1988) and one unpublished (Corrêa and Corrêa1998), as well as interviews with speakers.Item La historia y el futuro del patuá en Paria: Informe de los esfuerzos iniciales en la revitalización del criollo francés en Venezuela(Universidad de Puerto Rico, 2010-04) Ferreira, Jo-Anne S.El patuá venezolano, un criollo antillano de léxico francés, se puede categorizar como una variedad lingüística moribunda, ya que su vitalidad etnolingüística parece ser relativamente pobre. Como los demás criollos franceses de América del Sur, se habla mayormente en una zona fronteriza, en este caso la frontera marítima entre Trinidad y Venezuela en dos áreas-- Güíria en la península Paria (capital del municipio de Valdez, Estado Sucre) y El Callao en Estado Bolívar al sur. Los hablantes nativos incluyen a venezolanos con enlaces ancestrales pero ninguna conexión inmediata al Caribe insular y a hijos venezolanos de migrantes recientes de Haití y de las Antillas Menores. Hay un creciente interés en el idioma y la cultura de los hablantes del criollo francés de Venezuela (VFC, por sus siglas en inglés) de parte de los descendientes de estos grupos, de los otros ciudadanos de los Estados Sucre y Bolívar y de investigadores. Este artículo explora los orígenes del aparente renacimiento y resurgimiento del patuá venezolano y lo ubica en el contexto de la familia de los criollos franceses del Caribe. Venezuelan Patuá, a variety of Lesser Antillean French-lexicon Creole, may be categorized as a dying variety, since its ethnolinguistic vitality appears to be relatively poor. Like other minority varieties of French Creole in Latin America, it is spoken primarily in a border zone, in this case along the maritime frontier between Trinidad and Venezuela in two areas— Güíria in the Paria Peninsula (capital of the municipality of Valdez, Estado Sucre) and El Callao in Estado Bolívar to the south. Native speakers include elderly Venezuelans with ancestral ties but no immediate connection to the insular Caribbean, as well as Venezuelan-born children of recent migrants from Haiti and the Lesser Antilles. There is now growing interest in the language and culture of Venezuelan French Creole (VFC) speakers on the part of descendants of these groups, other citizens of Estados Sucre and Bolívar, and researchers. This paper explores the origins of the apparent renaissance and resurgence of Venezuelan Patuá and places it in the context of the language family of French Creoles of the Caribbean.Item Language, Education and Representation: Towards Sustainable Development for Haiti(2010-05-04T18:00:11Z) Youssef, ValerieAs Haiti labours under the extreme stress of possibly its greatest natural disaster to date and as vast sums of money seek to enter its vacuous system and to bring relief, it behoves us to consider the many aspects of the Haitian situation which have kept it in abject poverty down to the present and to seek means of redressing, not just the immediate crisis, but its long term internal socio-political dilemma. We all recognize the power of education in enabling a people to rise up, to become empowered, to take control of its own destiny, and yet Haiti remains with an education system which effectively excludes 75% of its people, despite ‘on paper’ efforts to address the problem.Item Um crioulo francês numa nação não-francófona, Trinidad & Tobago: passado, presente e futuro(2001) Ferreira, Jo-Anne S.Apresento o crioulo francês falado na ilha de Trinidad, analisando como essa língua conseguiu sobreviver sendo que a ilha nunca foi de domínio francês e se encontra numa nação não-francófona.